Radiation-Grafted Membranes for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells: Current Trends and Future Directions

Nasef, Mohamed Mahmoud

doi:10.1021/cr4005499

Cited by 174 publications

(126 citation statements)

References 357 publications

(592 reference statements)

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“…However, they have several drawbacks including cost, methanol permeability and water loss above 100 °C. Hence, there have been extensive efforts to develop mesostructured membranes with improved performances by well-controlled phase separation of functional hydrophobic and hydrophilic domains 211,212 . For example, a meso structured bicontinuous membrane comprising interpenetrating nano domains of highly crosslinked polystyrene and polyethylene oxide in ionic liquid exhibited an unprecedented combination of high elastic modulus and ionic conductivity above 100 °C (REF.…”

Section: Fuel Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mesoporous materials for energy conversion and storage devices

2016

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At present, more than 80% of the energy consumed globally is derived from non-renewable fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas. The combustion of these fuels inevitably leads to the emission of CO 2 -a main driver of climate change and other serious environmental effects, including the emission of other dangerous gases. Although mitigating climate change is a multifaceted challenge, one of the pillars of any future low-carbon economy will be a substantially increased dependence on renewable and environmentally friendly energy sources and storage systems. Tremendous progress is being made in developing advanced technologies to meet these challenges. However, to enable the cost-effective, large-scale production of these technologies, further improvement of performance and efficiency is needed. Although unique challenges exist for each technology, the development of functional materials is crucial.Porous solids -in particular, mesoporous solids -are appealing materials in many energy applications owing to their ability to absorb and interact with guest species (including, but not limited to, lithium ions, hydrogen atoms and sulfur molecules) on their outer and inner surfaces, and in the pore spaces 1,2 . According to the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) definition, porous materials are classified into three categories according to their pore sizes: micro porous (<2 nm), mesoporous (2-50 nm) or macro porous (>50 nm). Since the first report of mesoporous silica in the 1990s 3,4 , the variety of mesoporous materials available has rapidly expanded, encompassing a very broad range of compositions.Mesoporous materials have exceptional properties, including ultrahigh surface areas, large pore volumes, tunable pore sizes and shapes, and also exhibit nanoscale effects in their mesochannels and on their pore walls. These features are particularly advantageous for applications in energy conversion and storage [5][6][7][8][9][10] . In principle, high surface areas should provide a large number of reaction or interaction sites for surface or interface-related processes such as adsorption, separation, catalysis and energy storage; however, a high surface area does not necessarily translate to an improved performance in applications. Large pore volumes have shown promise in the loading of guest species and in the accommodation of the expansion and strain relaxation during repeated electrochemical energy storage processes. Uniform and tunable mesopore channels facilitate the transport of atoms, ions and large molecules through the bulk of the material, thereby increasing the number of active sites with high accessibility and overcoming the size restriction encountered with microporous materials. In addition, there are fascinating nanoconfinement effects in the voids of uniform mesochannels, which are advantageous in catalysis and energy storage. 3D nanometre-sized frameworks can produce extraordinary nanoscale effects (that is, surface and quantum effects) that result in mesoporous materials with u...

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Section: Fuel Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mesoporous materials for energy conversion and storage devices

2016

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“…TPA, TMA, and DABCO presented high IEC and conductivity when base membrane contains 15%, 45%, and 75% GMA by weight, respectively. Hydroxide conductivity must have high value (0.01-0.1 S·cm ) for potential application in AEMFCs [28]. Moreover, ion exchange capacity must be above 0.9 meq·g…”

Section: Water Uptake Ion Exchange Capacity and Conductivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Anion Exchange Membrane Containing Epoxy Ring and C–Cl Bond Quaternized by Various Amine Groups for Application in Fuel Cells

et al. 2015

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Anion exchange membranes were synthesized from different compositions of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and vinylbenzyl chloride (VBC), with constant content of divinyl benzene (DVB) by radical polymerization using benzoyl peroxide (BPO) on non-woven polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate. Polymerized membranes were then quaternized by soaking in trimethylamine (TMA), triethylamine (TEA), tripropylamine (TPA), and 1,4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octane (DABCO). Characteristics of membranes were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, water uptake, ion exchange capacity, ion conductivity, thermal, and alkaline stability. The results revealed that membranes quaternized by TPA and DABCO showed high affinity when GMA content was 15 wt% and 75 wt%, respectively. IEC and ion conductivity of membranes quaternized by TPA were 1.34 meq·g (at 60 °C), respectively. The results indicate that the membrane containing GMA 15 wt% quaternized by TPA showed the highest thermal stability among membranes and exhibited high ion conductivity compared to existing researches using GMA, VBC, and DVB monomers.

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“…The use of radiation-induced grafting in preparation of alternative proton-exchange membranes based on fluorine-containing polymers is an attractive technique that have received intensive research efforts [9,14,15,32]. This method allows introduction of graft chains carrying ionic groups to a preformed polymer film by grafting of a vinyl monomer and subsequent functionalization reaction [9,17,18].…”

Section: Preparation Of Proton-exchange Membranes By Radiation-inducementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, many studies reporting the use of various fluoropolymer films together with styrene for the preparation of proton-exchange membranes for application in PEMFC and DMFC, appeared in the literature. Figure 7 shows a schematic M a n u s c r i p t 15 representation for preparation of proton-exchange membranes by radiation-induced grafting of styrene onto various fluorinated polymer followed by sulfonation.…”

Section: Polymer Substrates For Preparation Of Membranes By Radiationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The key aspects of polymer structure design for radiation-grafted fuel cell membranes were recently elaborated [14,15] However, to the authors' best knowledge, there are no reviews addressing objective of this review, namely the progress in the application of radiation-grafted polymer electrolyte materials for energy conversion and storage applications, including fuel cells, batteries and supercapacitors. The development of a variety of polymer electrolyte materials is also discussed, with special focus given to strategies adopted to improve the stability and reduce the cost of using various monomers/polymers combinations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Radiation-grafted materials for energy conversion and energy storage applications

Nasef

Gürsel

Karabelli

et al. 2016

Progress in Polymer Science

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Radiation-Grafted Membranes for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells: Current Trends and Future Directions

Abstract: Figure 3. Schematic representation of various classes of radiationinduced grafting methods. Reprinted with permission from ref 32.

Cited by 174 publications

References 357 publications

Mesoporous materials for energy conversion and storage devices

Mesoporous materials for energy conversion and storage devices

Characterization of Anion Exchange Membrane Containing Epoxy Ring and C–Cl Bond Quaternized by Various Amine Groups for Application in Fuel Cells

Radiation-grafted materials for energy conversion and energy storage applications

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