Radiation from CT and perfusion scanning in pregnancy

Abstract

An 83 year old man had an acute attack of gout. He treated himself with colchicine drops (2 mg in two days) and received diclofenac because of continuous pain. Concurrently he had muscle weakness in his limbs. Four days later he became immobile and was transferred to hospital with flaccid tetraparesis (British Medical Research Council grade II-III). He had no signs of infection, hepatic or renal impairments, or stroke. Laboratory values were normal except a brief increase of creatine kinase to 1288.2 IU/l. Repeated nerve conduction studies did not show any relevant pathology, including normal terminal latencies and F wave latencies. Electromyography subsequently showed signs of lower motor neurone lesion. Muscle biopsy showed one isolated vacuole that could not be related to a colchicine induced myoneuropathy. Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid was unremarkable and indicated only a slight disturbance in the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (protein 548 mg/l). An atypical Guillain-Barré syndrome was clinically diagnosed.He was also taking 120 mg/day of slow release verapamil continuously for tachyarrhythmia, a sick sinus syndrome of the heart basically controlled by a pace maker, furosemide, acetylsalicylic acid, ambroxol, and theophylline. A tetraparesis due to neuromyopathy induced by colchicines was diagnosed because of concentration-time curves in serum and cerebrospinal fluid.The diagnosis was revised to neuromyopathy induced by colchicine when excessive colchicine concentrations in serum as well as in cerebrospinal fluid were determined retrospectively using a radioimmunoassay.1 Although the serum concentration decreased slightly it remained constant in the cerebrospinal fluid in the following days (figure). The calculated half life in serum was increased eightfold compared with a dose and age matched reference population (272 hours v 34 hours).1 The colchicine cerebrospinal fluid to serum ratio of about 50% was much higher than normal (less than 10%). At the follow-up on day 40, he had recovered incompletely but colchicine was not detectable in serum.Typical features of colchicine induced myoneuropathy such as high cumulative doses, long term treatment, or renal insufficiency 2 were not found in our case. Verapamil is an inhibitor of CYP3A and a potent inhibitor (with norverapamil threefold stronger) of the P-glycoprotein transporter acting as a blood-brain barrier drug efflux pump.3 An increase of colchicine uptake was seen in a rat's brain as well as in a rat's plasma by verapamil up to 4.5-fold and 1.65-fold, respectively. These results indicate a dominant responsibility of the P-glycoprotein inhibition for the colchicine accumulation in cerebrospinal fluid. 4 Colchicine is a substrate for CYP3A4 in the liver. Its inhibition might be responsible for increased colchicine serum concentrations.Colchicine related tetraparesis is most likely due to a pharmacokinetic interaction in the human brain with verapamil and norverapamil.

Effect of antenatal iodinated contrast agent on neonatal thyroid function

“…Estimated foetal radiation exposure for CTPA varies from 3.3 mGy to 130.0 mGy. However, the foetal radiation dose for V/Q scanning is estimated around 100-370 mGy, which is three times higher than CTPA [9][10][11][12][13].…”

Venous thromboembolism in obese pregnant women: approach to diagnosis and management

“…Should DVT imaging be negative or unavailable, a ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) scan or computer tomographic pulmonary angiography (CT-PA) is indicated for the diagnosis of PE [16,31]. While the reported fetal radiation dose associated with a CT-PA is 0.01 milliGray (mGy), the fetal radiation dose associated with the perfusion part of the V/Q scan is 0.12 mGy; correlating with projections of fatal malignancy to 15 years of age of < 1/1,000,000 and 1/280,000, respectively [32]. Whereas this may render the CT-PA a better modality form the fetal perspective, it should be noted that the degree of fetal radiation for both CT-PA and the perfusion portion of the V/Q scan are well below the safety thresholds, lack teratogenic associations, and reflect extremely low absolute risks [33].…”

Management of venous thrombosis in pregnancy

“…18 The radiation dose to the mother's thorax with CTPA will be around 2 rads and it is known that 1 rad will increase the lifetime risk of breast cancer by around 14 per cent. 30,31 This is an important consideration when only around 1 in 20 pregnant women with suspected PE will have the diagnosis confirmed. Therefore, although CTPA has rapidly gained acceptance as a robust technique among both radiologists and clinicians in non-pregnant patients, its role in pregnancy is not clearly defined and is often not addressed in published guidelines.…”