The effective emissivity of a random fiber bed is a thermodynamic coefficient of importance for high-temperature radiation heat transfer. A multiple-scattering theory is developed that provides complementary (i.e., same scattering order) upper and lower bounds for the fiber bed emissivity. An attractive feature of this method is that this pair of bounds comes from the evaluation of one integral. Results for single-scattering bounds include analytical estimates with rigorous error bounds for all porosities, local fiber surface emissivities, and several representative bed edge random fiber arrangements, i.e., all fibers perpendicular and all fibers parallel to the bed edge. The estimates are tight for fiber surface emissivities above 0.5 at any porosity or for all fiber surface emissivities at low bed porosities. The analytical, single-scattering results provide a parametric study of the fiber bed effective emissivity enhancement above the local fiber surface emissivity for all fiber surface emissivities, porosities, and two limiting fiber bed structures. The largest enhancement (33.4%) is found at the midrange of the fiber emissivity values and in the limit of unit void fraction for fibers oriented perpendicular to the bed edge surface.