Radiation balance and heat budget at the ocean/atmosphere interface in the western North Pacific

In Situ Measurement of Solar Radiation over the Sea South of Japan

“…Figure 5 shows the summary for them. Here, the values of the present measurement were multiplied by constant of 0.94 under the assumption of the albedo of 0.06 at the sea surface (Payne, 1972: Otobe, 1989. It is seen that the values indirectly estimated from the marine meteorological elements are generally an underestimation compared with the directly observed values, especially in summer season.…”

“…They used different empirical formulae and the estimation periods were also different from each other. Otobe (1989) summarized the results of direct measurement of the shortwave radiation made by himself, using the thermopiletype pyranometer on board of the R/V Hakuho Maru. The ship tracks are widely distributed in the sea area south of Honshu for each cruise.…”

Observation of temperature and velocity from a surface buoy moored in the Shikoku Basin (OMLET-88) —An oceanic response to a Typhoon

“…The temperature changes of 2°C in the layer 25 m thick and 1.3°C in the layer 75 m thick correspond to (2-4) × 10 8 J, and the heat transfer averaged over 3 hours is 19-37 kW m -2 . The vertical heat transfer is 40-78 times as large as that of the winter cooling of 473 W m -2 in the Kuroshio region (Otobe, 1989).…”

“…Otobe (1989) shows from direct measurements of heat fluxes at the sea surface in the Kuroshio region that a mean of the net heat flux is 132 W m -2 in May, 164 W m -2 in June, and -473 W m -2 from November to February. This clearly indicates that in the Kuroshio region, the heat loss in winter is much greater than the heat gain in summer.…”