Radiation accidents over the last 60 years

Nénot, J.C.

doi:10.1088/0952-4746/29/3/r01

Cited by 50 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…In addition to therapeutic and diagnostic interventions, exposure to sub-lethal doses of radiation to civilian population may occur during radiological accidents or terror attacks [1,2]. Depending on the duration of exposure, the area exposed, and the dose received, radiation exposure in the immediate aftermath could lead to a myriad of deleterious effects, including acute radiation syndrome (ARS) [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Administration of ON 01210.Na after exposure to ionizing radiation protects bone marrow cells by attenuating DNA damage response

et al. 2012

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BackgroundIonizing radiation-induced hematopoietic injury could occur either due to accidental exposure or due to diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. Currently there is no approved drug to mitigate radiation toxicity in hematopoietic cells. This study investigates the potential of ON 01210.Na, a chlorobenzylsulfone derivative, in ameliorating radiation-induced hematopoietic toxicity when administered after exposure to radiation. We also investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying this activity.MethodsMale C3H/HeN mice (n = 5 mice per group; 6-8 weeks old) were exposed to a sub-lethal dose (5 Gy) of γ radiation using a 137Cs source at a dose rate of 0.77 Gy/min. Two doses of ON 01210.Na (500 mg/kg body weight) were administered subcutaneously at 24 h and 36 h after radiation exposure. Mitigation of hematopoietic toxicity by ON 01210.Na was investigated by peripheral white blood cell (WBC) and platelet counts at 3, 7, 21, and 28 d after radiation exposure. Granulocyte macrophage colony forming unit (GM-CFU) assay was done using isolated bone marrow cells, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) was performed on bone marrow sections at 7 d post-exposure. The DNA damage response pathway involving ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and p53 was investigated by Western blot in bone marrow cells at 7 d post-exposure.ResultsCompared to the vehicle, ON 01210.Na treated mice showed accelerated recovery of peripheral WBC and platelet counts. Post-irradiation treatment of mice with ON 01210.Na also resulted in higher GM-CFU counts. The mitigation effects were accompanied by attenuation of ATM-p53-dependent DNA damage response in the bone marrow cells of ON 01210.Na treated mice. Both phospho-ATM and phospho-p53 were significantly lower in the bone marrow cells of ON 01210.Na treated than in vehicle treated mice. Furthermore, the Bcl2:Bax ratio was higher in the drug treated mice than the vehicle treated groups.ConclusionsON 01210.Na treatment significantly mitigated the hematopoietic toxicity induced by a sub-lethal radiation dose. Mechanistically, attenuation of ATM-p53 mediated DNA damage response by ON 01210.Na is contributing to the mitigation of radiation-induced hematopoietic toxicity.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Administration of ON 01210.Na after exposure to ionizing radiation protects bone marrow cells by attenuating DNA damage response

et al. 2012

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“…The “real-world” usability of a system from the human perspective is a key consideration in patient safety and has important implications in the interfaces employed by radiology information systems and radiation therapy delivery systems, as well as the systems used to communicate diagnostic imaging results to providers and patients. Catastrophic errors have resulted in which the major contributing factor was poor system usability and human factors engineering [45–47] as well as when clinical workflow is not considered while designing these systems. Even well-intentioned and seemingly straightforward components require usability and workflow considerations.…”

Section: Communication Of Test Results In Ehr-based Record Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Communication breakdowns and diagnostic errors: a radiology perspective

Murphy¹,

Singh²,

Berlin³

2014

Diagnosis

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Timely and accurate communication is essential to safe and effective health care. Despite increased awareness over the past decade of the frequency of medical errors and greater efforts directed towards improving patient safety, patient harm due to communication breakdowns remains a significant problem. Communication problems related to diagnostic testing may account for nearly half of all errors made by typical primary care physicians in their medical practices. This article provides an overview of communication breakdowns in the context of radiology related diagnostic errors. In radiology, communication breakdowns between radiologists, referring clinicians, and patients can lead to failure of critical information to be relayed, resulting in delayed or missed diagnosis. New technologies, such electronic health records (EHRs), contribute to the increasing complexity of communication in health care, but if used correctly, they can provide several benefits to safe and effective communication. To address the complexity of communication breakdowns, a multifaceted sociotechnical approach is needed to address both technical and non-technical aspects of health care delivery. The article also provides some future directions in reducing communication breakdowns related to diagnostic testing, including proactive risk assessment of communication practices using recently released SAFER self-assessment guides.

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“…There are reports where radiation exposed patients were kept alive by supportive and prophylactic care but died few months later, predominantly due to pulmonary infections and pneumonitis (1). Radiation-induced pneumonitis and fibrosis in humans as well as in experimental animals have been repeatedly documented (2–5).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Combination of Podophyllotoxin and Rutin Alleviates Radiation-Induced Pneumonitis and Fibrosis through Modulation of Lung Inflammation in Mice

et al. 2017

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Pneumonitis and pulmonary fibrosis are predominant consequences of radiation exposure, whether planned or accidental. The present study, demonstrates radioprotective potential of a formulation, prepared by combining podophyllotoxin and rutin (G-003M), in mice exposed to 11 Gy thoracic gamma radiation (TGR). Treated mice were observed for survival and other symptomatic features. Formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS)/nitric oxide (NO) was measured in bronchoalveolar lavage cells. DNA damage and cell death were assessed in alveolar cells by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling assay. Total protein (TP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF)/serum of mice to assess lung vascular permeability. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), cluster of differentiation 45, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and nitrotyrosine were also estimated in lungs/BALF of differentially treated mice. Our observations revealed 100% survival in G-003M-pretreated mice against 66.50% in 11 Gy TGR exposed. Other symptoms like reduction in graying of hair, weight loss, and breathing rate were also observed in pretreated groups. Significant decline in ROS/NO and cell death in formulation pretreated mice were also observed. Decreased level of TP, LDH, and ALP in BALF/serum samples revealed G-003M-induced inhibition in lung permeability. Level of IL-6, TNF-α, and TGF-β1 in the lungs of these mice was found corresponding to control group at 8 weeks posttreatment. On the contrary, these cytokines raised significantly in 11 Gy TGR-exposed mice. Lung pneumonitis and fibrosis were found significantly countered in these mice. The observations revealed that G-003M could regulate immune system by curtailing radiation-induced oxidative and inflammatory stress, which has helped in minimizing radiation-inflicted pneumonitis and fibrosis.

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Radiation accidents over the last 60 years

Cited by 50 publications

References 26 publications

Administration of ON 01210.Na after exposure to ionizing radiation protects bone marrow cells by attenuating DNA damage response

Administration of ON 01210.Na after exposure to ionizing radiation protects bone marrow cells by attenuating DNA damage response

Communication breakdowns and diagnostic errors: a radiology perspective

A Combination of Podophyllotoxin and Rutin Alleviates Radiation-Induced Pneumonitis and Fibrosis through Modulation of Lung Inflammation in Mice

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