Radar imaging of Kelvin arms of ship wakes

Hennings, Ingo; Romeiser, Roland; Alpers, Werner; Viola, Angelo

doi:10.1080/014311699211912

Cited by 98 publications

(93 citation statements)

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“…The X-band and HH-polarization are only considered for that the X-band has been widely used in marine radar. According to Hennings et al [10], HH-polarization might be better for wake detection. It is assumed that radar platform travels along the positive y-direction.…”

Section: Numerical Results and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since the formulation of fluid dynamic theory was firstly concluded mathematically by Lord Kelvin, there have been a lot of scholars to do researches focusing on the Kelvin wakes [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. Based on the Bragg mechanism of sea surface, Tunaley et al [7] researched the SAR imaging of ship wakes in L-band and analyzed its validity through a comparison with the SeaSAT SAR imagery.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Shemer et al [9] described a mathematical model to imaging the ship wakes with the help of interferometric SAR (INSAR) technique. Henning et al [10] gave an explanation for the principle of SAR imaging of Kelvin arms and discussed the simulated results with experiments. Recently, ArnoldBos et al [13] developed a bistatic, polarimetric radar simulator for estimating pseudo-raw radar echoes of ship wakes that can be further processed for bistatic SAR (BiSAR) imaging.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Application of Facet Scattering Model in Sar Imaging of Sea Surface Waves With Kelvin Wake

Wang¹,

Min²,

Chen³

et al. 2016

PIER B

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Abstract-The principal purpose of this work is the simulation of the ship wake in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imaging based on a facet scattering model. The hydrodynamic model of the surface waves mainly considers the Kelvin wake waves and the wind driven waves. For the prediction of radar returns from the composite surface, the semi-deterministic facet scattering model (SDFSM) is proposed, which is verified to have good performance through a comparison with the experiment by SASS-II. Then, the distributions of backscattering normalized radar cross section (NRCS) of facets are investigated for both V V and HH polarizations and characteristics of the wake pattern are shown with good visibility. On the basis of these, an application of velocity bunching (VB) imaging model is presented in detail for the simulation of SAR imaging of sea surface waves with Kelvin wake. Finally, several numerical results provide states of the effects of ship speed, wind speed and the ship sailing direction on the characteristics of Kelvin wake in SAR images. Thus, this simulation may enable us to provide a theoretical basis to the detection of ship wakes.

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Section: Numerical Results and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Application of Facet Scattering Model in Sar Imaging of Sea Surface Waves With Kelvin Wake

Wang¹,

Min²,

Chen³

et al. 2016

PIER B

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“…Ship-wake systems mainly include Kelvin wake and turbulent wake which are two of the most important features in target identification on the oceanic background [25,26]. The turbulent wake refers to the volume scattering of foam layers, and this paper only studies Kelvin wakes of ships.…”

Section: Ship Kelvin Wakementioning

confidence: 99%

Scattering Analysis for Ship Kelvin Wakes on Two-Dimensional Linear and Nonlinear Sea Surfaces

Sun¹,

Min

Wang³

et al. 2013

PIER B

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Abstract-The ship Kelvin-wake models on two-dimensional (2-D) linear and nonlinear sea surfaces are combined with the second-order small-slope approximation method (SSA-II) to comparatively study the corresponding electromagnetic (EM) scattering characteristics. The nonlinear sea-surface models include the Choppy Wave Model (CWM) and the second-order Creamer model (Creamer (2)). Considering the limitations of using the ideal plane EM wave incident upon a rough sea surface of the limited size, the modified tapered wave is utilized as the incident wave to derive the scattering waves. Due to the fact that the nonlinear effects of Creamer (2) surfaces is obviously stronger than those of CWM surfaces, the bistatic normalized radar cross section (NRCS) calculated from Creamer (2) surfaces is significantly greater than that of its linear and CWM surfaces for scattering angles departing from the specular direction, and the backscattering coefficients from Creamer (2) surfaces are also the greatest except within quasi-specular (near vertical incidence) region. Moreover, for the linear and nonlinear sea surfaces, the influences of different wind speeds and directions on scattering characteristics are also calculated and analyzed in detail. However, taking the ship Kelvin wakes into account, the corresponding scattering features are obviously distinct from those of the single linear and nonlinear sea surfaces. This helps to provide a basis to extract the related ship information through the scattering characteristics of ship Kelvin wakes. Also it shows that the small-slope approximation method is a very effective analysis method to deal with the EM scattering from the rough sea surface.

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“…The two main modules of M4S were described in the papers by Romeiser and Alpers (1997) and Romeiser et al (1997), respectively. M4S has been used for a variety of studies on radar signatures of oceanic and atmospheric features, including studies on signatures of Kelvin arms of ship wakes (Hennings et al, 1999), oceanic fronts (Ufermann and , and oceanic internal waves (Brandt et al, Figure 1. Top view of temperature field (in kelvin, at time t = 575 s) for ship wake model in the presence of an ambient stratification illustrates the upwelling of colder subsurface water by the circulation in the ship wake.…”

Section: Radar Imaging Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fine-scale features on the sea surface in SAR satellite imagery – Part 2: Numerical modeling

et al. 2014

Self Cite

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Abstract. With the advent of the new generation of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellites, it has become possible to resolve fine-scale features on the sea surface on the scale of meters. The proper identification of sea surface signatures in SAR imagery can be challenging, since some features may be due to atmospheric distortions (gravity waves, squall lines) or anthropogenic influences (slicks), and may not be related to dynamic processes in the upper ocean. In order to improve our understanding of the nature of fine-scale features on the sea surface and their signature in SAR, we have conducted high-resolution numerical simulations combining a three-dimensional non-hydrostatic computational fluid dynamics model with a radar imaging model. The surface velocity field from the hydrodynamic model is used as input to the radar imaging model. The combined approach reproduces the sea surface signatures in SAR of ship wakes, low-density plumes, and internal waves in a stratified environment. The numerical results are consistent with observations reported in a companion paper on in situ measurements during SAR satellite overpasses. Ocean surface and internal waves are also known to produce a measurable signal in the ocean magnetic field. This paper explores the use of computational fluid dynamics to investigate the magnetic signatures of oceanic processes. This potentially provides a link between SAR signatures of transient ocean dynamics and magnetic field fluctuations in the ocean. We suggest that combining SAR imagery with data from ocean magnetometers may be useful as an additional maritime sensing method. The new approach presented in this work can be extended to other dynamic processes in the upper ocean, including fronts and eddies, and can be a valuable tool for the interpretation of SAR images of the ocean surface.

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Radar imaging of Kelvin arms of ship wakes

Cited by 98 publications

References 0 publications

Application of Facet Scattering Model in Sar Imaging of Sea Surface Waves With Kelvin Wake

Application of Facet Scattering Model in Sar Imaging of Sea Surface Waves With Kelvin Wake

Scattering Analysis for Ship Kelvin Wakes on Two-Dimensional Linear and Nonlinear Sea Surfaces

Fine-scale features on the sea surface in SAR satellite imagery – Part 2: Numerical modeling

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