Racism from the Enlightenment to the Age of Imperialism

Poliakov, Léon

doi:10.1007/978-94-009-7544-6_4

Cited by 16 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Toward the end of the 17th century, race gradually emerged as a term referring to those populations then interacting in North America-Europeans, Africans, and Native Americans (Indians). 7 In the early 18th century, usage of the term increased in the written record, and it began to become standardized and uniform (Poliakov, 1982). By the Revolutionary era, race was widely used, and its meaning had solidified as a reference for social categories of Indians, Blacks, and Whites (Allen, 1994(Allen, , 1997A.…”

Section: A History Of Race and The Ideology Of Racementioning

confidence: 99%

Race as biology is fiction, racism as a social problem is real: Anthropological and historical perspectives on the social construction of race.

Smedley

2005

American Psychologist

936

573

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Racialized science seeks to explain human population differences in health, intelligence, education, and wealth as the consequence of immutable, biologically based differences between "racial" groups. Recent advances in the sequencing of the human genome and in an understanding of biological correlates of behavior have fueled racialized science, despite evidence that racial groups are not genetically discrete, reliably measured, or scientifically meaningful. Yet even these counterarguments often fail to take into account the origin and history of the idea of race. This article reviews the origins of the concept of race, placing the contemporary discussion of racial differences in an anthropological and historical context.

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Section: A History Of Race and The Ideology Of Racementioning

confidence: 99%

Race as biology is fiction, racism as a social problem is real: Anthropological and historical perspectives on the social construction of race.

Smedley

2005

American Psychologist

936

573

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…and "class" come into common usage (Allen, 1994(Allen, , 1997Hannaford, 1996;Poliakov, 1982;Smedley, 1999aSmedley, , 1999b. Some social constructionists argue that the West "invented" notions of "superior and inferior races" to serve a Western hegemonic agenda.…”

Section: B Race As a Social Constructmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perspectives and Research on the Concept of Race within the Framework of Multiracial Identity

Aumer

Hatfield

Swann

et al. 2011

IJPR

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In recent years, according to U. S. Census reports, the number of people who classify themselves as "mixed race" is rapidly increasing. As a consequence, scholars have become increasingly interested in the nature of racial identity. Currently, scholars and laypersons tend to view the concept of race from a biological perspective, from a social-constructivist perspective, or from a mixture of the two. In this paper, we address several questions: How do political, religious, and legal experts classify various people (racially)? How do men and women (especially those of mixed ancestry) decide to what race they belong? Does one's own identity, be it monoracial or multiracial, influence one's perception of race as socially constructed or biologically determined? In order to understand how the concept of race is viewed in the U. S.-especially as the American landscape becomes increasingly complex-we reviewed 40 studies, conducted from 1986-2006, that explored the nature of racial and ethnic identity. This comprehensive review suggested that: 1. Americans often find it difficult to classify people of mixed ancestry. 2. Men and women (of mixed race) generally possess a complex view of race. They generally agree that race is, at least in part, a social construct. Nonethess, they are well aware that (at least in society's eyes) ancestry, appearance, "blood," and genetic make-up also play a part in one's racial classification. 3. Multiracials appear to be more flexible in "choosing" a racial identity than are their peers. How they choose to present themselves depends on their physical appearance, how accepting their family and friends are of their claims, and how profitable they think it will be to identify with various aspects of their racial heritage.

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Social indexology, neoliberalism and racialised metrics: legitimising the ‘inferiority’ of Global South countries

Ratuva

2021

Third World Quarterly

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Racism from the Enlightenment to the Age of Imperialism

Cited by 16 publications

References 2 publications

Race as biology is fiction, racism as a social problem is real: Anthropological and historical perspectives on the social construction of race.

Race as biology is fiction, racism as a social problem is real: Anthropological and historical perspectives on the social construction of race.

Perspectives and Research on the Concept of Race within the Framework of Multiracial Identity

Social indexology, neoliberalism and racialised metrics: legitimising the ‘inferiority’ of Global South countries

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