Racism, Football Fans, and Online Message Boards

Cleland, Jamie

doi:10.1177/0193723513499922

Cited by 101 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…As Jessie Daniels (2013) argues, this baggage includes race and racism. Racism is a form of symbolic violence which is prevalent on social media platforms, assisted by the ease of anonymity (Cleland, 2014; Daniels, 2013; Nakayama, 2017; Recuero, 2015). In addition to new forms of racism, the Internet offers new modes of challenging racism.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Your Privilege Is Trending: Confronting Whiteness on Social Media

Petray

2017

Social Media + Society

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Social media activism provides an important space for dialogue and consciousness-raising. Racism, privilege, and inequalities have received considerable attention in social media discussions. #WhiteProverbs was one attempt to confront this issue, focusing particularly on White privilege. The tweets show how social media is a site where “serious games” are played, as agents are constrained by the “rules” but still able to make choices and push boundaries. This article explores the #WhiteProverbs tweets that came from Australian users to better understand how Australian social media users understand and confront whiteness. Through the use of humor, specifically irony and sarcasm, Twitter users identify a number of key ways that White privilege is reproduced, including justifications for racial inequality, questioning claims to racial differences, and constructing an exclusively White national identity.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Your Privilege Is Trending: Confronting Whiteness on Social Media

Petray

2017

Social Media + Society

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“…Regarding gender, the men in our sample exhibited significantly lower scores in VERCA and OMERR. Given that men report greater online racial discrimination (Tynes et al, 2013) and the multitude of online social platforms based on topics that likely attract more men than women (Cleland, 2014;Daniels, 2012;Love & Hughey, 2015), men may be more exposed to online racism in the interpersonal context (PERCA) rather than the observation of others (VERCA) and contents (OMERR). The men in our sample did report greater mean in PERCA although the difference was not significant.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some of the differences may be attributed to the context of the online exchanges. For example, handful of studies have documented racist discourses in online social platforms with themes such as English football (Cleland, 2014), basketball (Harrison, Tayman, Janson, & Connolly, 2010;Love & Hughey, 2015), and video games (Daniels, 2012) that are stereotypically dominated by male users. Yet, literature has also documented salience of racist materials specific to women such as stereotypical representation of Asian American women online (Museus & Truong, 2013).…”

Section: Measurement Invariance Of the Pors Across Age And Gendermentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement invariance of the perceived online racism scale across age and gender

Keum¹,

Miller²

2019

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The Perceived Online Racism Scale (PORS) is the first measure specifically developed to assess online racist interpersonal interactions and exposure to online racist content. To advance and strengthen the psychometric foundation of the PORS, the current study evaluated the measurement invariance of PORS across gender and age, two major demographic categories that can differentially affect how racism is perceived. Based on the framework of intersectionality, the salience and significance of social identities, such as gender and age, influence how racism is perceived with different meanings and interpretations. The current study examined data collected through an online survey from 946 racial/ethnic minority participants (59% women, mean age = 27.42) in the United States. Measurement invariance across gender (men and women) and age groups (ages 18 to 24, 25 to 39, and 40 to 64) was tested via comparison of a series of models with increasing constraints. Measurement invariance across configural, metric, and scalar models for age and gender was supported. Latent means were compared across gender and age groups. The results advance the psychometric property of the PORS as a general measure of online racism. Differences in the PORS scores reflect true differences among gender and age groups rather than response bias. Implications for future research are discussed.

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“…While descriptive research conducted in online contexts has examined the frequency and forms of discrimination that occur on social networking sites (Cleland, 2014;Jakubowicz et al, 2017;Johns & McCosker, 2015;Pew Research Center, 2016), research has yet to examine how confronting these instances of racial discrimination might shape racial minorities' perceptions of racism online and how this shapes attitudes towards individuals who confront. The aim of the present research is to examine how confrontation of racial discrimination through online interactions might impact perceptions of online prejudice and attitudes toward those who confront.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Aggressive confrontation shapes perceptions and attitudes toward racist content online

Meyers

Leon

Williams

2020

Group Processes & Intergroup Relations

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With more people using social media on a daily basis and the prevalence of racial discrimination online, it becomes imperative to understand what factors impact minority individuals’ perceptions of these transgressions in an online context. Confrontation to discrimination in the form of comments on social media may meaningfully shape perceptions of racism online. Across three studies, we examine how confrontation type (aggressive vs. passive) and confronter group membership (ingroup vs. outgroup) influence Asian Americans’ perceptions of online prejudice and attitudes towards the confronters. In Study 1, we find that aggressive confrontations alter perceptions of a racist online post to be more offensive as compared to passive confrontations. In Study 2, these findings extend to participants’ likelihood to report the content as offensive. Lastly, in Study 3, we find that aggressive confronters are evaluated more positively than passive confronters. These findings have important implications for understanding racial discrimination in an online context by demonstrating the impact of confrontation type on minority individuals’ perceptions and behaviors.

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Racism, Football Fans, and Online Message Boards

Cited by 101 publications

References 29 publications

Your Privilege Is Trending: Confronting Whiteness on Social Media

Your Privilege Is Trending: Confronting Whiteness on Social Media

Measurement invariance of the perceived online racism scale across age and gender

Aggressive confrontation shapes perceptions and attitudes toward racist content online

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