Racialization in nursing: Rediscovering Antonio Gramsci’s concepts of hegemony and subalternity

Abstract

Ongoing political instability, conflicts, economic turmoil and environmental disasters in countries of the Middle-East, Central Asia and Africa are the major push factors heightening the massive dis-

An integrative review of Indigenous informal caregiving in the context of dementia care

“…Colonial policies create historical traumas, which in turn reinforce the social, cultural and economic privileges of whiteness, creating health and social inequities for Indigenous peoples and other racialized minority groups (Chisholm‐Burns, 2020). Historical traumas translate into racism which constitutes structural violence as racism operates in social and institutional structures like the judicial and health care systems (Racine, 2021a). Despite this global situation, Indigenous caregiving remains scarcely studied, and little knowledge exists to support Indigenous informal caregivers of people living with dementia or dementia‐like symptoms.…”

Toward a moral commitment: Exposing the covert mechanisms of racism in the nursing discipline

“…Racism is a powerful interconnected system of oppression among institutional, interpersonal, and internalized levels (Hall & Field, 2012;Jones, 2000;Racine, 2021). Operating within this multi-level system, racism has overt and covert characteristics that are deeply engrained within the structures of Canadian society (Henry & Tator, 2006).…”

“…Whiteness renders white norms, values, and cultures as the ideal standard against which all other races are found inferior (Henry & Tator, 2006;Racine, 2021). The implication of socializing whiteness among historical, sociopolitical, and cultural spheres is that it privileges white people to occupy neutral positions, while categorizing non-white people within the social construction of race (Henry & Tator, 2006;McGibbon et al, 2014).…”

“…Furthermore, white supremacy is the mechanism through which whiteness is validated and is the ideology that sustains the structure of racism (Henry & Tator, 2006). The nursing discipline has examined white supremacy by analyzing the white privilege inherent within the culture of nursing (McGibbon et al, 2014), addressing racism as a social determinant of health (Waite et al, 2020), and acknowledging the persistent examination of racialized populations from the perspective of whiteness (McGibbon et al, 2014;Racine, 2021). Despite this, the institutional structures sustaining white supremacy through nursing's racist theoretical foundations remain overshadowed by the current social justice discourse centering on overt racism.…”

“…Racism and the structural violence from racialization are not new insights gleaned only in recent years. Scholars within the nursing discipline have long analyzed the injustices experienced by racialized populations (Anderson et al, 2009;Blanchet Garneau et al, 2018;Browne et al, 2005;Hall & Field, 2012;Hilario et al, 2018;Racine, 2003Racine, , 2021Racine & Petrucka, 2011). However, the structural injustices exposed in light of the Black Lives Matter protests in response to overt police brutality across the United States and the recent wave of COVID-19-related anti-Asian hate crimes across North America, both fueled by racism and xenophobia, have brought unprecedented attention in the past year to the need to implement antiracism solutions (Cheng & Conca-Cheng, 2020;Misra et al, 2020;Thorne, 2020Thorne, , 2021.…”