Racial Threat, Social (Dis)organization, and the Ecology of Police: Towards a Macro-level Understanding of Police Use-of-force in Communities of Color

Lautenschlager, Rachel; Omori, Marisa

doi:10.1080/07418825.2018.1480792

Cited by 55 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…training), and contextual factors (eg neighbourhood crime rate). [5][6][7] In particular, Black residents are more likely to be victims of fatal police violence compared to people of other races or ethnicities. 8,9 This has been facilitated in part by racial residential segregation, in which Black families were restricted to living in certain neighbourhoods that subsequently suffered disinvestment and criminalization.…”

Section: Backg Rou N Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of fatal police violence during pregnancy and hazard of preterm birth in California

Goin

Gómez

Farkas

et al. 2021

Paediatric Perinatal Epid

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Background: Exposure to fatal police violence may play a role in population-level inequities in risk for preterm delivery.Objective: To evaluate whether exposure to fatal police violence during pregnancy affects the hazard of preterm delivery and whether associations differ by race/ethnicity and fetal sex. Methods:We leveraged temporal variation in incidents of fatal police violence within census tracts to assess whether occurrence of fatal police violence in a person's tract during pregnancy was associated with increased hazard of extremely (20-27 weeks), early (28-31 weeks), moderate (32-33 weeks), and late (32-36 weeks) preterm delivery in California from 2007 to 2015. We used both death records and the Fatal Encounters database to identify incidents of fatal police violence. We estimated hazard ratios (HR) using time-varying Cox proportional hazard models stratified by census tract, controlling for age, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, health insurance type, parity, and the year and season of conception. We further stratified by race/ ethnicity and infant sex to evaluate whether there were differential effects by these characteristics.

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Section: Backg Rou N Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of fatal police violence during pregnancy and hazard of preterm birth in California

Goin

Gómez

Farkas

et al. 2021

Paediatric Perinatal Epid

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Researchers have found general support for the minority threat hypothesis in relation to police behavior. For instance, minority threat perspective has been used to explain police force size (Holmes, Smith, Freng, & Muñoz, ), the number of police full time employees (Greenberg, Kessler, & Loftin, ); per capita expenditures on policing (Holmes et al, ); precinct deployment levels (Kane, ); number of civil rights complaints in certain circumstances (Holmes, ; Smith & Holmes, ), and police use of force (Holmes, Painter, & Smith, ; Lautenschlager & Omori, ).…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Policing scholarship hypothesizes police practices may be understood by examining a location's level of social disorganization, wealth, and racial composition (Smith & Holmes, ). Minority threat hypothesis and place theory are often used to understand the structural conditions related to police decision‐making and behavior (see e.g., Holmes, ; Lautenschlager & Omori, ; Parker, Stults, & Rice, ; Smith & Holmes, ). Minority threat theory holds those in dominant social groups seek to defend their position against encroachment by minority populations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of body‐worn cameras, minority threat, and place on police activity

Hughes

Campbell

Schaefer

2020

Journal Community Psychology

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Police practices evolve and are often shaped by technological innovation, such as the adoption of body-worn cameras (BWCs). While initial research on their impact is evergrowing, researchers have neglected to examine if their use is influenced by neighborhood characteristics.This study examines the influence of a BWC implementation on police activity and enforcement practices across neighborhoods, using minority threat hypothesis and place theory to explain the relationship. We used preand postimplementation enforcement data to examine the influence of BWCs and community characteristics on the actions taken by Louisville Metro Police Department officers. Ten ordinary least squares models were used to analyze the enforcement changes including self-initiated activity, total enforcement, felony arrests, low-level arrests, and low-level citations. Our findings indicate BWCs implementation was associated with a decrease in low-level citations; however, self-initiated activity and felony and low-level arrests were unaffected. Also, concentrated disadvantage was associated with a decrease in self-initiated activity. We also examined the moderating effects between BWCs and neighborhood characteristics and found BWCs were correlated with a decrease in low-level citations. The implications of the findings are discussed.

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“…In addition, these data are not equipped to capture neighborhood-level variation in police UOF. Findings from previous research reveal that UOF is geographically concentrated in Black and Hispanic neighborhoods; therefore, our organizational-level analysis may miss racialized neighborhood variation (see Klinger et al 2016; Lautenschlager and Omori 2019). Consistently, Koslicki et al (2020) find that police killings are higher in localities with larger Black and Hispanic populations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

A Tale of Force: Examining Policy Proposals to Address Police Violence

Preito-Hodge

Tomaskovic‐Devey

2021

Social Currents

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We develop an explicitly organizational and relational approach to examine the problem of police violence, focusing empirically on prominent policy recommendations to increase officer demographic diversity, raise educational requirements for new officers, and implement community policing strategies. We first review prior research on these proposals, which is surprisingly thin and non-supportive of the proposals. To examine the baseline plausibility of these recommendations, we estimate cross-sectional negative binomial models, regressing counts of police department use of force on indicators of community policing, officer education, and officer racial and gender diversity. We find that police organizations with more college-educated officers are less violent toward citizens, but that the race and sex composition of law enforcement organizations are not associated with lower levels of police violence. After unpacking the community police philosophy into component practices, we find that practices that encourage proactive policing are associated with higher levels of police violence, while those that encourage the formation of relationships with citizens may reduce police violence. In conclusion, we advocate for better data collection on police violence, increased theorizing of police violence as an organizational accomplishment, and future policy interventions that approach police forces as potentially violent and racialized organizations.

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Racial Threat, Social (Dis)organization, and the Ecology of Police: Towards a Macro-level Understanding of Police Use-of-force in Communities of Color

Cited by 55 publications

References 60 publications

Occurrence of fatal police violence during pregnancy and hazard of preterm birth in California

Occurrence of fatal police violence during pregnancy and hazard of preterm birth in California

The influence of body‐worn cameras, minority threat, and place on police activity

A Tale of Force: Examining Policy Proposals to Address Police Violence

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