Racial stress and racialized violence among Black immigrants in the United States.

Abstract

H istorically, immigrants to the United States have experienced social hostility on the basis of race and ethnicity, and this xenophobia continues to persist for many groups in the current political and sociocultural atmosphere (Dominguez et al., 2009;Gee & Ford, 2011). Among the various current immigrant groups that experience these inequitable systems, Black immigrants are particularly understudied. The stress of immigration and acculturation to the United States, compounded by traumatic experiences of racism and discrimination, may lead to racial stress and trauma among Black immigrants. These experiences with racial stress and trauma threaten the health and well-being of this group (Kirmayer et al., 2011). This chapter begins with an overview of the diversity within the Black immigrant population. It then explores various forms of discrimination Black immigrants face upon adjusting to life in the United States and the disparities that systemic racism and discrimination create. The consequences of this continual exposure to racism-racial stress and racialized violence-are summarized. The chapter concludes with a model to better conceptualize racial stress and trauma as experienced by Black immigrants and strategies that this group uses to cope with racism and discrimination while highlighting strengths that enable them to flourish.This chapter is guided by three theoretical perspectives aimed at providing a better understanding of the ways in which systemic discrimination and prejudice constitute racialized violence (Helms et al., 2012) and how exposure

Sleep Characteristics in Adults of African Descent at Risk for and with Cardiometabolic Conditions: A Systematic Review

“…Lower sleep efficiency was also significantly associated with cardiometabolic risk [33]. These findings indicate that lower sleep efficiency is significantly associated with higher glucose levels in individuals who identify as Black [76][77][78][79].…”

“…Racial discrimination has been associated with poor sleep characteristics [75][76][77]. Poor sleep has been associated with type 2 diabetes severity, cardiovascular disease, obesity, and other chronic diseases [50,78,79]. Cardiometabolic conditions, sleep, and racial/ethnic factors significantly influence health.…”

Mental Health First Aid for Black Populations: Recommendations From the Neighborhood Healers Project

“…It is critical to note Black communities are often homogenized despite diversity in experiences and identities. In the United States, the predominance of a binary Black/White racial identity paradigm often fails to recognize Black individuals beyond their racial group, thereby ignoring other aspects of their intersectional and multicultural group membership (Meyer et al, 2021). Nevertheless, the prevalence and significance of anti-Black racism in the United States may inform all Black people's experiences of racial discrimination.…”