“…Research has demonstrated the value of a strong sense of racial identification, racial pride, communalism, and spirituality for enhancing well‐being among African Americans. For instance, a large body of research on racial identity (the degree to which one incorporates his/her race into self‐definitions) has shown that African American adolescents and young adults who are higher in racial identification have higher self‐esteem (Rowley, Sellers, Chavous, & Smith, ), perform better in school (Chavous, Rivas‐Drake, Smalls, Griffin, & Cogburn, ), employ more adaptive mechanisms for coping with discrimination (Sellers, Caldwell, Schmeelck‐Cone, & Zimmerman, ), and are less likely to engage in violence (Caldwell et al., ; DeGruy, Kjellstrand, Briggs, & Brennan, ).…”