Racial Microaggression in Multicultural Malaysia: Ethnic-specific Experience of University Students

Abstract

Contemporary studies on racial microaggression in Southeast Asian countries, particularly those that take into account the experience of people from different ethnic groups, are limited. As such, the current study focused on racial microaggression experience amongst Malaysian university students from different ethnic groups. A sample of 40 university students was recruited through purposive and snowball sampling strategies. The participants comprised of nine ethnic Malays, 10 ethnic Chinese, 10 ethnic Indians, seven ethnic groups from East Malaysia and four of mixed-parentage. A qualitative method using semi-structured individual interviews was utilized. Responses/verbatim from the interviews were analyzed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) method. Results indicated 11 common racial microaggression themes reported by participants across most ethnic groups, including ‘In-group benefit’ and ‘The paradox of over-scrutiny/ overlook.’ Also, five ethnic-specific themes, such as ‘Pathologizing cultural values/ communication style’ and ‘Ignorant about the situation in Sabah & Sarawak.’ The findings indicate that while there can be a shared experience of racial microaggression for people of different ethnicities, the actual themes experienced by specific ethnic groups may differ. Theoretical and practical implications include recommendations on how to address the issue in Malaysia.

Parents’ Role in the Ethnic Socialization of Youth in Malaysia

“…This means that the Chinese and the Indians "have to accept 'special Malay privileges' in education and government service, the Malay royalty as their ruler, Islam as the official religion and Malay language as the official language" [25]. An aspect of discrimination in Malaysia that has been extensively researched is the discrimination in higher education enrolments [26][27][28][29]. Minority ethnic groups are expected to suppress their feelings about the unfairness and to refrain from questioning Malay dominance in order to avoid stoking ethnic conflict.…”

Understanding Multiculturalism Education from Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, and Thailand

“…Malaysia's population is heterogeneous consisting of various ethnicities. Its ethnic composition is Bumiputera (69.1%), Chinese (23.0%), Indian (6.9%) ( (Lino & Hashim, 2019). The Bumiputera classification consists of ethnic Malays, and indigenous peoples of Sabah, and Sarawak.…”

“…For example, ethnic Malays are predominantly Muslim, and speak Malay; ethnic Indians mostly practice Hinduism, and generally speak Tamil. The differences between groups in Malaysia are not just physical; they also differ in terms of religion, culture, and language (Lino & Hashim, 2019). This diversity presents a challenge for Malaysia to implement sustainable development, and become a developed country in Southeast Asia.…”