Racial, Economic, and Health Inequality and COVID-19 Infection in the United States

Abedi, Vida; Olulana, Oluwaseyi; Avula, Venkatesh; Chaudhary, Durgesh; Khan, Ayesha; Shahjouei, Shima; Li, Jiang; Zand, Ramin

doi:10.1007/s40615-020-00833-4

Cited by 565 publications

(520 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Finally, families with a relatively higher socio-economic status reported greater medical provider stress and child-reports of positive life events. These ndings parallel reported disparities in COVID-19 exposures and impact in the literature, with greater negative stress for racial/ethnic minority families and more protective factors for families with greater socio-economic resources (Abedi et al, 2020) even within this relatively privileged sample.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

“…Limitations include the presence of only two time points, inclusion of a single parental perspective (often mothers) and no siblings, and restricted diversity in the sample. This last point is particularly important given that the pandemic has disproportionately impacted racial/ethnic minority families and low socio-economic families (Abedi et al, 2020). Understanding how the pandemic has impacted a wide range of families, both within the US and across the globe, will be critical in supporting the developmental recovery of youth and their families in the years to come.…”

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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COVID-19 Life Events Spill-Over on Family Functioning and Adolescent Adjustment

Hussong¹,

Midgette²,

Richards³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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In this longitudinal study, we examined parent and youth perceptions of how life events, both positive and negative, associated with the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in changes in family functioning as well as youth functioning. We tested both direct effects of parent- and youth-reported negative and positive events as well as indirect or spillover effects that have their effects on parent functioning and marital relationships. Families (n=101 parent-youth dyads, 80% European American, 48% boys, and 87% mothers) completed surveys during the pandemic (May to July 2020) and 1.5 years prior. We conducted multivariate path analyses predicting residualized change in family and youth functioning. According to child-report of family functioning, open family communication, parent-child relationship quality and family satisfaction all decreased during this time, although no changes were found in parent-report of family functioning. Several forms of parent-reported negative life events and child-reports of school-related stress during the pandemic predicted changes in family functioning. Moreover, positive life events predicted child reports of family functioning directly and evidence for spill-over effects of parent-reported positive life events on family functioning were also found. In addition, the receipt of social support by parents during the pandemic protected against decrements in family functioning and, indirectly, increases in child symptomatology. School-related stress also predicted increases in child-reported symptomatology. Moreover, several aspects of family functioning pre-pandemic impacted the extent to which parents and children experienced both positive and negative life events during the pandemic. The current findings thus shed light on how experiences of the pandemic are linked with family functioning and have implications for how to support families during this time.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 Life Events Spill-Over on Family Functioning and Adolescent Adjustment

Hussong¹,

Midgette²,

Richards³

et al. 2020

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Hispanics and Blacks were the largest group living in hotspot counties [21]. Abedi et al [30] found that Blacks were more vulnerable to COVID-19 than other racial and ethnic groups. Table 4 summarizes values of the HCR by race and ethnicity.…”

Section: Deprivation By Race and Ethnicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Multidimensional economic deprivation during the coronavirus pandemic: Early evidence from the United States

Dhongde

2020

PLoS ONE

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The coronavirus pandemic led to a severe economic shock in the United States. This paper uses a unique survey data collected early on in the pandemic to measure economic deprivation among individuals. The Federal Reserve Board fielded a Survey of Household Economics and Decision-making (SHED) in April 2020. This survey is used to compile data on four indicators of economic deprivation, namely: i) Overall financial condition, ii) Loss of employment, iii) Reduction in income and iv) Inability to pay bills in full. Data on these indicators is compiled for each individual and is used in a novel way to construct a set of multidimensional deprivation indices. These indices measure the overlap of deprivations experienced by an individual. Results show that almost 25 percent of the respondents faced hardships in at least two of the four indicators. More than 13 percent of adults reported their inability to pay monthly bills and struggled to make ends meet financially. One in four respondents had lower income compared to income from previous month. The economic shock affected Hispanics in a more profound way. More than 37 percent Hispanics reported hardship in two or more indicators and 8 percent reported hardship in all four indicators. Higher proportion of young adults and those without a college degree suffered multiple hardships. The paper highlights the plight of Americans during the early months of the economic crisis set in motion amid the coronavirus pandemic and sheds light on how economic disparities deepened along racial/ethnic lines.

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“…Digital technologies have taken the center stage in the response to COVID-19 12 , and mobility data in particular has allowed to assess the response to nonpharmaceutical interventions 13,14 .Previous studies report large scale reductions in movements, with numbers quickly reaching values typically observed during holiday periods 9 . Furthermore, in the United States, changes in mobility were associated with reductions in COVID-19 cases 15,16 and in the reproduction number 17 and mobility data also revealed that the changes were largely already underway when state or county stay-at-home orders were issued 15,18,19 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Socio-economic disparities in social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States

Garnier

Benetka²,

Kraemer

et al. 2020

Preprint

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ImportanceEliminating disparities in the burden of COVID-19 requires equitable access to control measures across socio-economic groups. Limited research on socio-economic differences in mobility hampers our ability to understand whether inequalities in social distancing are occurring during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.ObjectiveTo assess how mobility patterns have varied across the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic, and identify associations with socio-economic factors of populations.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsWe used anonymized mobility data from tens of millions of devices to measure the speed and depth of social distancing at the county level between February and May 2020. Using linear mixed models, we assessed the associations between social distancing and socio-economic variables, including the proportion of people below the poverty level, the proportion of Black people, the proportion of essential workers, and the population density.Main outcomes and ResultsWe find that the speed, depth, and duration of social distancing in the United States is heterogeneous. We particularly show that social distancing is slower and less intense in counties with higher proportions of people below the poverty level and essential workers; and in contrast, that social distancing is intense in counties with higher population densities and larger Black populations.Conclusions and relevanceSocio-economic inequalities appear to be associated with the levels of adoption of social distancing, potentially resulting in wide-ranging differences in the impact of COVID-19 in communities across the United States. This is likely to amplify existing health disparities, and needs to be addressed to ensure the success of ongoing pandemic mitigation efforts.

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Racial, Economic, and Health Inequality and COVID-19 Infection in the United States

Cited by 565 publications

References 21 publications

COVID-19 Life Events Spill-Over on Family Functioning and Adolescent Adjustment

COVID-19 Life Events Spill-Over on Family Functioning and Adolescent Adjustment

Multidimensional economic deprivation during the coronavirus pandemic: Early evidence from the United States

Socio-economic disparities in social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States

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