Racial discrimination and cortisol in African American emerging adults: The role of neighborhood racial composition.

Lee, Daniel B.; Eisman, Andria B.; Stoddard, Sarah A.; Peckins, Melissa K.; Goldstick, Jason E.; Hsieh, Hsing‐Fang; Muñoz-Velázquez, Jaime; Zimmerman, Marc A.

doi:10.1037/cdp0000217

Cited by 17 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Whereas in more diverse neighborhoods or in those with higher percentages of non‐Blacks, discrimination experiences increased (English et al., 2014). An exception to this pattern suggests no relation (Lee et al., 2018). The few studies on this topic with Latinx adults suggest that Latinx individuals who settle in neighborhoods with fewer co‐ethnics will experience more discrimination (Capielo Rosario et al., 2019).…”

Section: Neighborhood and Cultural Stressors And Assetsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Latinx youth's ethnic‐racial identity in context: Examining ethnic‐racial socialization in a new destination area

Witherspoon

Wei

May

et al. 2021

Journal of Social Issues

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The current study examined how ethnic-racial socialization (i.e., ERS; cultural socialization, preparation for bias) is shaped by neighborhood characteristics and parents' perceived discrimination, as well as how ERS shapes youth ethnic-racial identity (ERI) among Latinx parentadolescent dyads (N = 69) living in a new destination area (i.e., not historically settled by Latinx populations). Results showed that neighborhood diversity was positively associated with parents' ERS beliefs, which in turn were associated with youth's perceptions of parents' ERS behaviors, which predicted youth ERI outcomes (i.e., centrality and private regard). Neighborhood problems were negatively associated with youth public regard. Neither neighborhood problems nor parents' perceived discrimination was associated with ERS. The current study adds to limited empirical evidence on how neighborhood structural and social characteristics impact ERS, and in turn, ERI, among Latinx families. Overall, study findings advance knowledge on how cultural and contextual factors shape ERS in an understudied context.

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Section: Neighborhood and Cultural Stressors And Assetsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Latinx youth's ethnic‐racial identity in context: Examining ethnic‐racial socialization in a new destination area

Witherspoon

Wei

May

et al. 2021

Journal of Social Issues

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“…Though some African Americans desire to increase in these means and move into these neighborhoods, non-Black residents may feel threatened by the increasing percentage of Black residents and may exhibit racial discriminatory behaviors (Pager & Shepherd, 2008; Stewart, Baumer, Brunson, & Simons, 2009). Consequently, the psychological and psychophysiological consequences of PRD (e.g., depressive symptoms, cortisol attenuation) are particularly detrimental for African American emerging adults residing in predominantly White neighborhoods (English, Lambert, Evans, & Zonderman, 2014; Lee, Eisman, et al, 2018). Thus, African American emerging adults must contend with challenging social contexts as they begin to interface with social institutions (e.g., educational system, law enforcement) that are potentially more hostile to them, resulting in more PRD and stress.…”

Section: Racial Discrimination and African American Emerging Adulthoodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Racial discrimination trajectories predicting psychological well-being: From emerging adulthood to adulthood.

Lee¹,

Anderson²,

Hope³

et al. 2020

Developmental Psychology

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Perceived racial discrimination (PRD) has been documented as a risk factor for worse psychological well-being among African Americans. Yet, most researchers have not examined how trajectories of PRD during emerging adulthood shape psychological well-being in adulthood. Moreover, less is known about whether demographic factors and components of racial identity shape PRD over time. We identified trajectories of PRD among 605 African American emerging adults and examined whether PRD trajectories were associated with depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and perceived lack of control in adulthood. Four trajectories of PRD were identified (i.e., high-stable, moderate-declining, low-rising, and low-stable), and demographic factors and racial identity indicators influenced the likelihood of trajectory classification. In addition, members of the moderate-declining trajectory exhibited higher levels of depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and perceived lack of control than members in the low-stable trajectory. Our findings suggest that changes in PRD in emerging adulthood can extend our understanding of psychological well-being in adulthood.

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“…This study responds to calls in the literature to investigate innovative explanations for health disparities by testing interactions of the physical and social environments ( 68 , 69 ). A study that examined the moderating role of the environment on racial discrimination stress and health among African Americans found that discrimination experienced in the previous year was positively associated with cortisol concentration among those residing in neighborhoods with more White residents ( 69 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…A study that examined the moderating role of the environment on racial discrimination stress and health among African Americans found that discrimination experienced in the previous year was positively associated with cortisol concentration among those residing in neighborhoods with more White residents ( 69 ). Building on the present study's findings by including an additional aspect of the social environment, such as social capital ( 70 ), perceived neighborhood social cohesion ( 71 ), or neighborhood racial makeup ( 69 ), may explain more of the total variance in presence of a chronic health condition among Hispanic/Latino adults.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceived Neighborhood Crime Safety Moderates the Association Between Racial Discrimination Stress and Chronic Health Conditions Among Hispanic/Latino Adults

Budd

Giuliani

Kelly

2021

Front. Public Health

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Background: Little is known about the link between perceived neighborhood walkability and prevalence of chronic disease. Even less is known regarding this association among Hispanic/Latino adults, despite exhibiting high rates of chronic diseases. Stress due to racial discrimination is a harmful social determinant of health in Hispanics/Latinos. Having both low perceived neighborhood walkability and high racial discrimination stress may exacerbate the chronic disease status of Hispanics/Latinos. Among a U.S. national sample of Hispanic/Latino adults, this cross-sectional study aims to examine (1) the associations among overall perceived neighborhood walkability, racial discrimination stress, and having a chronic health condition; and (2) whether overall perceived neighborhood walkability moderates the hypothesized association between racial discrimination stress and having a chronic health condition.Methods: In January 2018, 798 Hispanic/Latino adults (M age = 39.7 years, SD = 15.1; 58.6% female; 70.0% U.S. born; 52.0% Mexican/Mexican American) responded to a survey via Qualtrics Panels. Surveys included the Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale-Abbreviated, Hispanic Stress Inventory-2, and self-reported presence/absence of chronic health conditions (e.g., hypertension, heart disease). A logistic regression was conducted testing for the moderation of the main effect of racial discrimination stress on the presence of a chronic health condition by overall perceived neighborhood walkability.Results: After controlling for age, body mass index, and income, racial discrimination stress was inversely associated with overall perceived neighborhood walkability (b = −0.18, p < 0.001) and positively associated with having a chronic health condition (OR = 1.02; 95% CI [1.00, 1.03]). While overall perceived neighborhood walkability was not associated with having a chronic health condition, perceived crime safety was inversely associated with having a chronic health condition (OR = 0.94; 95% CI [0.89, 0.99]). Perceived crime safety moderated the positive association between discrimination stress and having a chronic health condition, such that the association was only significant among those who perceived their neighborhood to be less safe (β = −0.004, 95% CI [−0.01, −0.00]).Conclusions: Overall perceived neighborhood walkability was inversely associated with racial discrimination stress, but not associated with having a chronic health condition. Perceived neighborhood crime safety, but not infrastructure or aesthetics, matters when it comes to the link between racial discrimination stress and having a chronic health condition among Hispanics/Latinos.

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Racial discrimination and cortisol in African American emerging adults: The role of neighborhood racial composition.

Abstract: Our results lay the foundation for future research on racial health disparities by suggesting that contextual factors such as neighborhood racial composition can shape the influence race-based discrimination has on health. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).

Cited by 17 publications

References 45 publications

Latinx youth's ethnic‐racial identity in context: Examining ethnic‐racial socialization in a new destination area

Latinx youth's ethnic‐racial identity in context: Examining ethnic‐racial socialization in a new destination area

Racial discrimination trajectories predicting psychological well-being: From emerging adulthood to adulthood.

Perceived Neighborhood Crime Safety Moderates the Association Between Racial Discrimination Stress and Chronic Health Conditions Among Hispanic/Latino Adults

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