Racial Differences in the Relationship Between Number of Cigarettes Smoked and Nicotine and Carcinogen Exposure

Benowitz, Neal L.; Dains, Katherine M.; Dempsey, Delia; Wilson, Margaret D.; Jacob, Peyton

doi:10.1093/ntr/ntr072

Cited by 109 publications

(131 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Different populations (black and white Americans) have been demonstrated to smoke their cigarettes differently, leading to different patterns in the association between CPD and nicotine and carcinogen exposure. 30 Inadequate data quality means that it is not yet possible to confidently describe current national mortality trends from the three leading diseases causing smoking-attributable deaths among Indigenous people: ischaemic heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lung cancer.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in smoking intensity among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, 1994–2008

Thomas

2013

Medical Journal of Australia

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in smoking intensity among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, 1994–2008

Thomas

2013

Medical Journal of Australia

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“…Because of smoking constraints (smoking restriction policies and increased cost), smokers are reducing the number of cigarettes they smoke (45). Among daily smokers, the proportion who smoked 30 or more cigarettes per day declined significantly from 12.5% in 2005 to 9.1% in 2011, whereas the proportion of those who smoked 1 to 9 cigarettes per day (47,48). This observation may help to explain findings that African Americans are at higher risk for lung cancer than other racial groups despite lower cigarette consumption (49).…”

Section: Original Researchmentioning

confidence: 91%

Beyond Cigarettes Per Day. A Genome-Wide Association Study of the Biomarker Carbon Monoxide

Bloom¹,

Hartz²,

Baker

et al. 2014

Annals ATS

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Rationale: The CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 locus is associated with self-reported smoking behavior and also harbors the strongest genetic associations with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer. Because the associations with lung disease remain after adjustment for self-reported smoking behaviors, it has been asserted that CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 variants increase COPD and lung cancer susceptibility independently of their effects on smoking.Objectives: To compare the genetic associations of exhaled carbon monoxide (CO), a biomarker of current cigarette exposure, with self-reported smoking behaviors.Methods: A total of 1,521 European American and 247 African American current smokers recruited into smoking cessation studies were assessed for CO at intake before smoking cessation. DNA samples were genotyped using the Illumina Omni2.5 microarray. Genetic associations with CO and smoking behaviors (cigarettes smoked per day, Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence) were studied. Measurements and Main Results:Variants in the CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 locus, including rs16969968, a nonsynonymous variant in CHRNA5, are genomewide association study-significantly associated with CO (b = 2.66; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.74-3.58; P = 1.65 3 10 28 ), and this association remains strong after adjusting for smoking behavior (b = 2.18; 95% CI, 1.32-3.04; P = 7.47 3 10 27 ). The correlation between CO and cigarettes per day is statistically significantly lower (z = 3.43; P = 6.07 3 10 24 ) in African Americans (r = 0.14; 95% CI, 0.02-0.26; P = 0.003) than in European-Americans (r = 0.36; 95% CI, 0.31-0.40; P = 0.0001).Conclusions: Exhaled CO, a biomarker that is simple to measure, captures aspects of cigarette smoke exposure in current smokers beyond the number of cigarettes smoked per day. Behavioral measures of smoking are therefore insufficient indices of cigarette smoke exposure, suggesting that genetic associations with COPD or lung cancer that persist after adjusting for self-reported smoking behavior may still reflect genetic effects on smoking exposure.

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“…CYP2A6 plays an important role in the activation of many procarcinogens, including aflatoxin B1, N-nitrosodiethylamine, and 1,3-butadiene and some tobacco-related nitrosamines, as well as in the clearance of some pharmaceuticals (Kushida et al, 2000;Oscarson, 2001;Raunio et al, 2008;Yoshida et al, 2002). In addition, CYP2A6 is involved in the metabolism of nicotine, the primary compound in tobacco that establishes and maintains tobacco dependence (Benowitz et al, 2011;Gullstén, 2000;Hukkanen et al, 2005;Messina et al, 1997;Oscarson, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymorphism of Cytochrome P450 2a6 (Cyp2a61 and Cyp2a64) Among Javanese Indonesian Smoker and Non Smoker

Patramurti

Sugiyanto

Nurrochmad

et al. 2015

Indonesian J. Pharm.

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Cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6) is the principal enzyme involved in the metabolic activation of tobacco-specific nitrosamines to their ultimate carcinogenic forms and metabolism of nicotine. The present study was developed to investigate the genetic polymorphism of CYP2A6 in Javanese Indonesian subjects carrying the CYP2A6*1 allele and the CYP2A6*4. The whole gene deletion of CYP2A6 (CYP2A6*4) may inhibit smokers from giving up smoking, but appears to function as a protective factor against some cancer. However, the investigation of these allele, a major functional polymorphisms common in Asian populations, have not been reported among Javanese Indonesian population. A single polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism was used to resolve the genotypes into CYP2A6*1 (wild type) and CYP2A6*4 (CYP2A6del). The sample studied consisted of 100 healthy subject that consist of 50 non smokers and 50 smoker from Javanese Indonesian population. The allele frequencies of *1 (wild type) and *4, were 47.5 and 52.5%, respectively. When the two allel were considered simultaneously, among the nonsmokers, 45% were genotyped for CYP2A6*1/*4 and 5% were genotyped for CYP2A6*4/*4; on the other hand all of the smoker were genotyped for CYP2A6*1/*4 and there was no homozygote of wild type. Based on the data collected, it could be concluded that the polymorphism of CYP2A6 were detected in among Javanese population sample study and the allele frequencies of CYP2A6*4 were high.

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Racial Differences in the Relationship Between Number of Cigarettes Smoked and Nicotine and Carcinogen Exposure

Cited by 109 publications

References 36 publications

Changes in smoking intensity among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, 1994–2008

Changes in smoking intensity among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, 1994–2008

Beyond Cigarettes Per Day. A Genome-Wide Association Study of the Biomarker Carbon Monoxide

Polymorphism of Cytochrome P450 2a6 (Cyp2a61 and Cyp2a64) Among Javanese Indonesian Smoker and Non Smoker

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Racial Differences in the Relationship Between Number of Cigarettes Smoked and Nicotine and Carcinogen Exposure

Cited by 109 publications

References 36 publications

Changes in smoking intensity among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, 1994–2008

Changes in smoking intensity among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, 1994–2008

Beyond Cigarettes Per Day. A Genome-Wide Association Study of the Biomarker Carbon Monoxide

Polymorphism of Cytochrome P450 2a6 (Cyp2a6*1 and Cyp2a6*4) Among Javanese Indonesian Smoker and Non Smoker

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Product

Resources

About

Polymorphism of Cytochrome P450 2a6 (Cyp2a61 and Cyp2a64) Among Javanese Indonesian Smoker and Non Smoker