Racial Differences in Prostate Cancer Characteristics and Cancer-Specific Mortality: An Overview

Abstract

Racial differences of prostate cancer incidence and mortality among Asian, Black, and Caucasian men have been known, however, comprehensive update of this topic is not yet reported. In the present review, an overview of the racial differences in prostate cancer characteristics and cancer-specific mortality is collected and reviewed. Regarding racial differences of incidence and mortality, surprising differences in the incidence of prostate cancer are seen among different populations around the world, with some countries having rates that are 60 to 100 times higher than others. African-American men have a higher incidence of prostate cancer, higher prostate cancer mortality, and are diagnosed with prostate cancer at a younger age than Caucasian American men. Furthermore, race is gaining attention as an important factor to consider for planning active surveillance for localized prostate cancer, especially among African-Americans. In addition, the causes of these differences are being elucidated by genomic profiling. Determinants of racial disparities are multifactorial, including socioeconomic and biologic factors. Although race-specific differences in prostate cancer survival estimates appear to be narrowing over time, there is an ongoing need to continue to understand and mitigate racial factors associated with disparities in health care outcomes.

Zinc in Prostate Health and Disease: A Mini Review

“…It is known that African American men develop prostate cancer at a significantly early age, with higher-grade adenocarcinomas at diagnosis, and higher prostate cancer mortality, when compared with age-matched European American men [ 76 ]. The gene expression level of the ZIP-1 and ZIP-2 Zn transporters was lower among the African American patients when compared with age-matched and Gleason score-matched specimens obtained from the European Americans [ 77 ].…”

Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Technologies in Cancer Care: Addressing Disparities, Bias, and Data Diversity

“…For example, the incidence of FOXA1 mutations in prostate cancer was significantly higher, whereas TP53 mutations were significantly lower in black men compared with white men. Similarly, a higher frequency of mutations in familial cancer susceptibility genes has been attributed to the higher incidence of prostate cancer in African-American men ( 9 ). Black women with hormone receptor–positive breast cancer have worse prognosis compared with their white counterparts.…”

From Omics to Multi-Omics Approaches for In-Depth Analysis of the Molecular Mechanisms of Prostate Cancer

“…It is important to mention that most of the studies published concern a majority of patients of Caucasian origin, which limits their interpretation, considering the ethnic diversities described for prostate cancer [ 3 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ]. For instance, a very recent publication points out differences in the rates of PTEN mutations and AR alterations in Black men, and in the rates of forkhead box protein A1 ( FOXA1 ) mutations and zinc finger homeobox protein 3 ( ZFHX3 ) alterations in Asian men, when compared to White men [ 34 ].…”