Racial Differences in Indices of Ego Functioning Relevant to Academic Achievement

Lessing, Elise E.

doi:10.1080/00221325.1969.10533883

Cited by 48 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Mischel (1961a), hypothesized that preference for immediate rewards would, therefore, be positively related to acquiescence in Blacks. Lessing (1969), Strickland (1972), and Zytkoskee, Strickland, and Watson (1971) hypothesized that such preferences would be positively related to an external locus of control, or a sense of powerlessness in Blacks.…”

Section: Locus Of Control and Acquiescencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Five investigations (Herzberger & Dweck, 1978;Mischel, 1958Mischel, , 1961aStrickland, 1972;Unikel & Blanchard, 1973) show Black samples as either entirely or primarily nonpreferential toward the delay of gratification. Five (Lessing, 1969;Mischel, 1961cMischel, , 1961bPrice-Williams & Ramirez, 1974;Seagull, 1966) reveal either entire samples or subsamples of Blacks as preferring delayed rewards. In only three instances of published research (Mischel, 1958(Mischel, , 1961band Strickland, 1972) (Mischel, 1958).…”

Section: Locus Of Control and Acquiescencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…As such, the ability is one that is believed to distinguish those individuals who succeed and prosper by hard work, thrift, and self-control from those who are susceptible to the temptations of short-term gains and impulsivity. This conceptualization has lent itself to an analysis of class differences in sociopsychological functioning (Davis & Dollard, 1940;Drake & Clayton, 1945;Schneider & Lysgaard, 1953), of cultural differences that distinguish national groups (Mischel, 1961 b), and of race differences in personality characteristics (Lessing, 1969;Mischel, 1958;Price-Williams & Ramirez, 1972;Strickland, 1972). Davis and Dollard (1940) and Schneider and Lysgaard (1953) argued that the lower class is characterized by &dquo;minimum pursuit of education,&dquo; &dquo;low aspirations,&dquo; a &dquo;readiness to engage in physical violence,&dquo; and &dquo;free sexual gratification (as through intercourse)&dquo; (p. 143).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Considerable argument has been advanced against the ability of the n Achievement measure itself to predict achievement outcomes for Blacks or distinguish them from other customarily successful populations in American society (e.g., Katz, 1967). In fact, a more direct test of the hypothesized relationship between delayed reward preference and achievement was carried out by Lessing (1969 …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Experimental research has been aimed at establishing the relationship of immediate gratification preferences to academic success (Lessing, 1969), achievement motivation (Mischel, 1961a), social responsibility (Mischel, 1961a(Mischel, , 1961c, and psychopathology (Unikel & Blanchard, 1973) in that population. Moreover, certain theorists (e.g., Rainwater, 1970) have conjectured that such an &dquo;orientation toward immediate gratification (p. 230) is a result of a sense of impotence, unstable interpersonal relationships, and a disinclination to think about the future&dquo; (see also Pettigrew, 1964).…”

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Delayed Gratification in Blacks: A Critical Review

Banks

McQuater

Ross

et al. 1983

Journal of Black Psychology

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Research on the delay of gratification in Blacks was critically reviewed. The methodology typically em ployed to investigate this construct involves offering the individual a choice of obtaining either a small, im mediate reward or a large, delayed reward. Contrary to previous reports, it is argued here that the evidence divides published studies into those demonstrating overall patterns of nonpreference for delayed versus immediate rewards and those demonstrating overall or partial patterns of preference for delayed rewards among Blacks. Little empirical evidence is provided in the literature of a tendency for Blacks to prefer im mediate gratification, or of the relationship of such behavior to other personality characteristics.

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Section: Locus Of Control and Acquiescencementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Locus Of Control and Acquiescencementioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Delayed Gratification in Blacks: A Critical Review

Banks

McQuater

Ross

et al. 1983

Journal of Black Psychology

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Locus of control: A proposal for change

Chandler

1975

Psychol. Schs.

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1':nvit o~rmental control as expressed in the internal-external locus of control construct continues l o remain unchallenged as a major association variablc in academic achievement. Research studies are cited that suggest that internality may well be preferred to externality if one values power over one'h destiny. The writer proposes a peer-teaching-peer strategy that utilizes the low-achieving External as the tutor, a reversal of the usual procedure. The ,assumption is that the External must experience and perceive personal control over another child in order to begin orientation toward a more internal outlook.The locus of control construct dates back to Rotter's (1943) social lcariiirig theory, which states that individuals may be distributed along an internal-external locus of control dimension depending upon the degree to which one accepts pcrsonal responsibility for what happens to him. For example, the individual ncar the internal end of the continuum would fcel that his skill, competence, intcllcct, and ability control his destiny; but for the individual at the external cnd, destiny is a matter of luck or chancc, or dependent upon significant othcrs. For the Internal, then, events arc a consequence of one's own actions and therefore under personal control; for the External, events are unrelated to one's own behaviors in certain situations and therefore beyond pcrsonal control. Requests for reprints should be sent 10 Theodore A. Chandler, LKFCOURT, H. M. and LUDWIG, G. W. The effect, of reference group upon Negroes' task persistence in a biracial competitive game. Jourraal of Persotuxlily and Social Psgchology, 1965, 1, 668-671. LI:FCOURT, H. M. and STI.:FFY, It. A. One man's adequacy is another man's failure. Psychological Reports, 1970, 26, 689-690. LI,;SSING, E. 2:. Racial differences in indices of ego functioning relevant to academic achievement. MCGHXIC, P. E., and CRANDALL, V. V. Beliefs in internal-external control of reinforcements and MOSTELLER, F., and MOYNIHAN, I ) . P. (Eds.). OtL equality of educalional opporluriity. New York: Nowrctir, S. Achievement and popularity as reiated to locus of control across diflereiit age groups. Un-NO~VICKI, S. and BARNIB, J. E$ecls of a structured camp experience 0 t h locus of control i t L childreu. NOIVICKI, S., and STRTCKL.\ND, B. R.. A Ioctls of control scale for chiIdreiL. Unpublished manuscript, self-evaluation for black male underachievers in reading. 4244-A, 1971. academic performance. Random House (Vintage Books), 1972. published manuscript, Emory University, 1971. Unpublished manuscript, Emory University, 1971. Emory University, 1971. Child Developmetit, 1968, 39, 91-102.

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The IQ Controversy and Academic Performance

Bond

1982

Behavior Modification in Black Populations

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Racial Differences in Indices of Ego Functioning Relevant to Academic Achievement

Cited by 48 publications

References 16 publications

Delayed Gratification in Blacks: A Critical Review

Delayed Gratification in Blacks: A Critical Review

Locus of control: A proposal for change

The IQ Controversy and Academic Performance

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