Racial differences in crossing major growth percentiles in infancy

Hawkins, Summer Sherburne; Rifas‐Shiman, Sheryl L.; Gillman, Matthew W.; Taveras, Elsie M.

doi:10.1136/archdischild-2016-311238

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 5 publications

(13 reference statements)

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“…Because changes in WLZ (or in older children weight-for-height Z) have been shown to have a strong effect on prevalence ratios of later obesity and overweight 26 and because of the precedence in the literature (eg, Taveras et al, 27 ; Hawkins et al, 28 ; Wills et al 29 ), we used WLZ changes to define early weight gain groups and overweight status at 1 year, and report on WLZ changes from 0.5 months to 1 year. Early weight gain groups were determined based on changes in WLZ from baseline (0.5 month) to 4.5 months: WLZ changes <−0.67 SD were categorized as slow weight gain (SWG); between −0.67 and 0.67 SD, as normal weight gain (NWG); and >0.67 SD, as RWG.…”

Section: Anthropometry Weight Gain and Overweight Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of early rapid weight gain on odds for overweight at one year differs between breastfed and formula‐fed infants

et al. 2020

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Summary Background Early rapid weight gain (RWG) increases, whereas longer durations of breastfeeding decreases, odds for later obesity. Objectives To determine the independent and interactive effects of early weight gain and diet on infant weight status trajectories and odds for overweight at 1 year. Methods We conducted secondary analysis on data from two longitudinal trials with repeated anthropometric measures. One trial consisted of predominantly or exclusively breastfed (BF, n = 97) infants, whereas the other consisted of exclusively formula‐fed (FF, n = 113) infants. Weight‐for‐length z‐score (WLZ) change from 0.5 to 4.5 months was used to categorize early weight gain as slow (<−0.67; SWG), normal (−0.67 to 0.67; NWG) or rapid (>0.67; RWG). Linear‐mixed effects models were fit to examine the independent effects and interaction of early diet (BF, FF) and weight gain (SWG, NWG, RWG) groups on WLZ trajectories; logistic regression was used to assess odds for overweight at 1 year. Results While similar percentages (41%) of BF and FF infants experienced RWG, we found a significant diet × early weight gain group interaction (P < .001) on weight status. At 1 year, the WLZ of FF infants with RWG (1.57 ± 0.99) was twice that of BF infants with RWG (0.83 ± 0.92). Using BF infants with NWG as the reference group, FF infants with RWG had increased odds [OR: 25.3 (95% CI: 3.21, 199.7)] for overweight at 1 year, whereas BF infants with RWG did not. Conclusions Early diet interacts with early weight gain and influences weight status trajectories and overweight risk at 1 year.

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Section: Anthropometry Weight Gain and Overweight Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of early rapid weight gain on odds for overweight at one year differs between breastfed and formula‐fed infants

et al. 2020

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“…Although rates of weight gain and obesity did not increase substantially in children ages 6–23 months from 1976 to 2014, there were significant increases among non-Hispanic black children 44. Additionally, a recent study suggests that rapid weight gain in infancy may be more detrimental for black children compared with white children by the time they reach age 5 years 45. Thus, it is a public health priority to better understand factors contributing to excess weight gain in infancy—especially among black children.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Longitudinal associations of gross motor development, motor milestone achievement and weight-for-length z score in a racially diverse cohort of US infants

et al. 2019

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ObjectivesTo investigate longitudinal associations between gross motor development, motor milestone achievement and weight-for-length z scores in a sample of infants. In a secondary aim, we explored potential bidirectional relationships, as higher weight-for-length z scores may impede motor development, and poor motor development may lead to obesity.DesignThe design was an observational birth cohort.SettingWe used data from the Nurture study, a birth cohort of predominately black women and their infants residing in the Southeastern USA.Participants666 women enrolled their infants in Nurture. We excluded infants with missing data on exposure, outcome or main covariates, leaving a total analytic sample of 425 infants.Primary outcomeThe outcome was weight-for-length z score, measured when infants were 3, 6, 9 12 months.ResultsAmong infants, 64.7% were black, 18.8% were white and 16.9% were other/multiple race. Mean (SD) breastfeeding duration was 17.6 (19.7) weeks. Just over one-third (38.5%) had an annual household income of < $20 000. After adjusting for potential confounders, higher motor development score was associated with lower weight-for-length z score (−0.004; 95% CI −0.001 to –0.007; p=0.01), mainly driven by associations among boys (−0.007; 95% CI −0.014 to –0.001; p=0.03) and not girls (0.001; 95% CI −0.005 to 0.008; p=0.62). Earlier crawling was the only milestone associated with a lower weight-for-length z score at 12 months (−0.328; 95% CI −0.585 to 0.072; p=0.012). However, this association appeared to be driven by male infants only (−0.461; 95% CI −0.825 to −0.096; p=0.01). Weight-for-length z score was unrelated to subsequent motor development score and was thus not bidirectional in our sample.ConclusionsHigher motor development score and earlier crawling were associated with lower subsequent weight-for-length z score. However, this was primary true for male infants only. These findings contribute to the growing body of evidence suggesting that delayed motor development may be associated with later obesity.

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“…However, conditional weight gain scores, 19,20 or measurements of weight adjusted for length, such as an increase in weight‐for‐length z ‐score, 21,22 or body mass index (BMI) z ‐score 23 (often also using a difference of ≥0.67 SD between two time points) have also been used. In some cases, RWG has been described as the upwards crossing of two or more centile lines on WAZ 24 or weight‐for‐length growth charts 25,26 . Importantly, the magnitude of change indicated by the upwards crossing of two centile lines will be influenced by which growth charts are used.…”

Section: First Stepsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In some cases, RWG has been described as the upwards crossing of two or more centile lines on WAZ 24 or weight‐for‐length growth charts. 25 , 26 Importantly, the magnitude of change indicated by the upwards crossing of two centile lines will be influenced by which growth charts are used. Some (such as the UK‐World Health Organisation (WHO) 27 and New Zealand‐WHO growth charts 28 ) have 9 centile lines which are each spaced 0.67 SD of a z ‐score apart, while others (such as the Centers for Disease Control charts 29 ) have 7 major centile lines which are not uniformly spaced 0.67 SD apart.…”

Section: First Stepsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The care of infants with rapid weight gain: Should we be doing more?

Fangupo

Daniels

Taylor

et al. 2022

J Paediatrics Child Health

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Rapid weight gain (RWG) during infancy is a known risk factor for later childhood obesity. It can be measured using a range of definitions across various time periods in the first 2 years of life. In recent years, some early childhood obesity prevention trials have included a focus on preventing RWG during infancy, with modest success. Overall, RWG during infancy remains common, yet little work has examined whether infants with this growth pattern should receive additional care when it is identified in health-care settings. In this viewpoint, we contend that RWG during infancy should be routinely screened for in health-care settings, and when identified, viewed as an opportunity for health-care professionals to instigate non-stigmatising discussions with families about RWG and general healthy practices for their infants. If families wish to engage, we suggest that six topics from early life obesity prevention studies (breastfeeding, formula feeding, complementary feeding, sleep, responsive parenting, and education around growth charts and monitoring) could form the foundations of conversations to help them establish and maintain healthy habits to support their infant's health and well-being and potentially lower the risk of later obesity. However, further work is needed to develop definitive guidelines in this area, and to address other gaps in the literature, such as the current lack of a standardised definition for RWG during infancy and a clear understanding of the time points over which it should be measured.

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Racial differences in crossing major growth percentiles in infancy

Abstract: Our results suggest that rapid weight gain in infancy is more deleterious among black than white children for later obesity.

Cited by 6 publications

References 5 publications

Impact of early rapid weight gain on odds for overweight at one year differs between breastfed and formula‐fed infants

Impact of early rapid weight gain on odds for overweight at one year differs between breastfed and formula‐fed infants

Longitudinal associations of gross motor development, motor milestone achievement and weight-for-length z score in a racially diverse cohort of US infants

The care of infants with rapid weight gain: Should we be doing more?

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