Racial and Ethnic Economic Inequality: The International Record

Darity, William A.; Nembhard, Jessica Gordon

doi:10.1257/aer.90.2.308

Cited by 31 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Such research has often been guided by analyses of what is called human capital, or the investments that people make in themselves to improve their skills and abilities (Becker, 1964;Ben-Porath, 1967;Mincer, 1997). With the assumption that job market outcomes reflect inputs in the investments in education and experience, a great deal of the research on labor market inequality within the US context has been on determining the differences in the education and experience of various categorical groups (e.g., women and racial minorities), whether the education and experience that they have pays off in the same way or to the same extent, and whether the access to and quality of education and experience are equally available to different social groups (Aigner & Cain, 1977;Becker, 1985;Bendrick et al, 1991;Bielby & Baron, 1986;Bridges & Nelson, 1989;Browne & Misra, 2003;Campbell, 1988;Castilla, 2008;Cotton, 1988;Darity & Nembhard, 2000;Fairlie & Kletzer, 1998;Holzer, 1994;Massey, 2007;Reskin, 2000). Although this research often highlights the importance of information available through social connections and the relative importance of formal versus informal job search channels, the role of social networks in the job search process has been thought more as a side issue than as the foundation of job market processes within the US.…”

Section: The Structure Of Labor Markets In the Us And Chinamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Structure of Labor Markets in the US and China: Social Capital andGuanxi

DiTomaso

Bian

2018

Manag. Organ. Rev.

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Despite the major cultural and political differences between the United States and China, in both countries access to jobs is supposed to be guided by fair and equitable procedures. In the US, there is a presumption of an open labor market in which potential employees compete on the basis of their qualifications, where the fairness of decisions is guided by anti-discrimination laws and normative organizational policies. In China, although there is a history of close relationships that guide the exchange of favors, following the 1949 revolution, Communist Party leaders were given the authority to allocate positions in ways that were supposed to eliminate special privileges of class and background. Yet recent research has suggested that social connections are an important part of getting a job in both the US and China for two-thirds to three-quarters of job seekers. In the US context, such connections are described as social capital. In the Chinese context, connections are defined as guanxi. In this article, we review research on labor market processes in both the US and China to address three important questions: (a) How can we understand the similar functioning of labor markets in such distinct cultural and political systems as the US and China? (b) What are the mechanisms or processes by which people find jobs in the US and China, and how are people able to access these mechanisms or processes in the context of constraining social structures and legal environments? and (c) What are the theoretical implications of the ‘generalized particularism’ that seems to shape labor markets in both the US and China.

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Section: The Structure Of Labor Markets In the Us And Chinamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Structure of Labor Markets in the US and China: Social Capital andGuanxi

DiTomaso

Bian

2018

Manag. Organ. Rev.

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“…Most Third World countries are multiethnic. Empirical studies on the income gaps between ethnic groups in countries of Latin America, Africa, and Asia have found the existence and persistence of these gaps (Darity & Nembhard 2000;Figueroa 2010;Hall & Patrinos 2005Psacharopoulos & Patrinos 1994;Silva 2001;Stewart 2001;Telles 1993). These empirical studies also show that gaps are systematic, that is, ethnic groups maintain their positions in the income pyramid of their respective countries.…”

Section: Factmentioning

confidence: 94%

Growth, Employment, Inequality, and the Environment

Figueroa¹

2015

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“…Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Intergroup Economic Inequality Across Countries: An lntroductory Essay William Darity Jr. and Ashwini Deshpande Carolina Population Center ashwini@email.unc.edu Increased research attention is now being given to understanding patterns of racial and ethnic economic inequality across countries (see Nesiah 1997;Darity 1998;Darity and Nembhard 2000;Darity and Deshpande 2000). Among the major general findings that have emerged from these recent comparative inquiries are the following:…”

Section: Intergroup Economic Inequality Across Countries: An Lntroducmentioning

confidence: 99%