Race, Sex, and Social Order in Early New Orleans

Spear, Jennifer M.

doi:10.1353/book.3455

Cited by 110 publications

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“…In 1809, Cuba expelled a large group of gens de couleur who had settled there. Arriving in New Orleans, they tripled the number of free people of color to about 5000-nearly one-third of the city's population-strengthening the tripartite racial order (Spear 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An increasing white population in New Orleans displaced the gens de couleur from economic niches where they had flourished. Faced with rising hostility, many of them left for France and Haiti, reducing the community from a peak of 15,000 people in 1840 to under 10,000 a decade later (Spear 2009). By 1860, the South, including Louisiana, "had committed itself, economically and politically, to slavery … and to the elimination of free people of color as a class" (de la Fuente and Gross, 2020, p. 157).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Re-Emergence of “People of Color”

Starr

2022

Du Bois Rev.

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The social category “people of color” has been born twice from the mixing of peoples in the United States. This article seeks to explain the category’s emergence and varied boundaries in the late 1700s and early 1800s, its decline in the mid-1800s, and its re-emergence and spread in a related meaning of enlarged scope since the 1970s. In both phases, “people of color” has served as a bridging identity across racial lines for those not included among whites; both times it has served primarily as a term of respect, not abuse. The category’s revival has rested on a contested people-of-color equation—the equating of other minorities with Black people—and has come in four stages: 1) the advent of a new configuration of governmentally recognized minorities in the 1960s and 1970s; 2) the adoption of “people of color” as a collective identity for those groups, initially among Black, progressive, and feminist activists; 3) the polarized diffusion of “people of color” in the media; and 4) the emergence among activists of second thoughts about the category “people of color” as insufficiently specific. The article concludes with a brief discussion of whether the traditional color line is being redrawn as a people-of-color line.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%