Race, Place, and Police-Caused Homicide in U.S. Municipalities

Holmes, Malcolm D.; Painter, Matthew A.; Smith, Brad W.

doi:10.1080/07418825.2018.1427782

Cited by 50 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…Holmes et al. () report that police‐caused homicides are more common in segregated minority neighborhoods, a finding that supports the “place‐hypothesis,” i.e., that police perceive isolated minority populations as threatening, regardless of actual crime rates. Eberhardt et al.…”

Section: Discussion and Literaturementioning

confidence: 97%

Problems Establishing Identity/Residency in a City Neighborhood during a Black/White Police–Citizen Encounter: Reprising Du Bois’ Conception of Submission as “Submissive Civility”

2018

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This article revisits W.E.B. Du Bois' () conception of “The Submissive Man” in the context of a Black/White police‐citizen encounter. Du Bois argued that submission to democratic principles that place the well‐being of the whole over the individual is a Black American ideal, which offers a necessary counter‐balance to the individualism of the dominant White “Strong Man” ideal. We contrast this preference for “submission” and “cooperation” in dealing with racism with White American individualism, referring to these as “preferences” in conflicting Black/White “Interaction Orders”. In the police‐citizen encounter we analyze, what we call “Submissive Civility” by a Black citizen contributed to the use of excessive/unjustified force when it conflicted with the arresting officers' White expectations. Using Conversation Analysis, we document how the police enforced tacit and unconscious racial biases as if they were legal requirements, providing a framework for explaining how such tacit biases might be responsible for the prevalence of such incidents nationwide.

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Section: Discussion and Literaturementioning

confidence: 97%

Problems Establishing Identity/Residency in a City Neighborhood during a Black/White Police–Citizen Encounter: Reprising Du Bois’ Conception of Submission as “Submissive Civility”

2018

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“…In addition, officers who patrol these areas may perceive minority residents as especially threatening to their safety. The police in such areas may, therefore, be more likely to employ force against minority community members (Brunson & Miller, ; Holmes et al, ; Smith & Holmes, ). Such perceived threats may well be more influential on police actions as they are more proximate than threats to the larger social order (Holmes, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Researchers have found general support for the minority threat hypothesis in relation to police behavior. For instance, minority threat perspective has been used to explain police force size (Holmes, Smith, Freng, & Muñoz, ), the number of police full time employees (Greenberg, Kessler, & Loftin, ); per capita expenditures on policing (Holmes et al, ); precinct deployment levels (Kane, ); number of civil rights complaints in certain circumstances (Holmes, ; Smith & Holmes, ), and police use of force (Holmes, Painter, & Smith, ; Lautenschlager & Omori, ).…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Place theories recognize that the numerical representation of minorities does not fully explain the perception of racial threat or its associated coercive responses (Holmes, ; Holmes et al, ; Smith & Holmes, ). In policing scholarship, scholars argue neighborhoods shape police behavior (Kane, ; Klinger, ; Mastrofski et al, ; Smith & Holmes, ).…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The influence of body‐worn cameras, minority threat, and place on police activity

Hughes

Campbell

Schaefer

2020

Journal Community Psychology

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Police practices evolve and are often shaped by technological innovation, such as the adoption of body-worn cameras (BWCs). While initial research on their impact is evergrowing, researchers have neglected to examine if their use is influenced by neighborhood characteristics.This study examines the influence of a BWC implementation on police activity and enforcement practices across neighborhoods, using minority threat hypothesis and place theory to explain the relationship. We used preand postimplementation enforcement data to examine the influence of BWCs and community characteristics on the actions taken by Louisville Metro Police Department officers. Ten ordinary least squares models were used to analyze the enforcement changes including self-initiated activity, total enforcement, felony arrests, low-level arrests, and low-level citations. Our findings indicate BWCs implementation was associated with a decrease in low-level citations; however, self-initiated activity and felony and low-level arrests were unaffected. Also, concentrated disadvantage was associated with a decrease in self-initiated activity. We also examined the moderating effects between BWCs and neighborhood characteristics and found BWCs were correlated with a decrease in low-level citations. The implications of the findings are discussed.

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“…This work points to historically-rooted racism, manifesting, for example, in different patterns of residential segregation, criminal justice policy, and policing practices across different regions of the United States [6,41,42], as well as contemporary anti-immigrant racism, particularly in the Southwest [43]. Previous empirical evaluation of the geographic distribution of racial/ethnic inequities in police violence has pointed to the "minority threat hypothesis," which conceptualizes fatal police violence as an exertion of social control legitimized by racialized conceptions of criminality [40,44]. A previous national, county-level analysis found that the racial distribution of police-related deaths is not explained by the racial distribution of crime in those areas [45].…”

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

Mapping fatal police violence across U.S. metropolitan areas: Overall rates and racial/ethnic inequities, 2013-2017

2020

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Background & methods Recent social movements have highlighted fatal police violence as an enduring public health problem in the United States. To solve it, the public requires basic information, such as understanding where rates of fatal police violence are particularly high, and for which groups. Existing mapping efforts, though critically important, often use inappropriate statistical methods and can produce misleading, unstable rates when denominators are small. To fill this gap, we use inverse-variance-weighted multilevel models to estimate overall and race-stratified rates of fatal police violence for all Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) in the U.S. (2013-2017), as well as racial inequities in these rates. We analyzed the most recent, reliable data from Fatal Encounters, a citizen science initiative that aggregates and verifies media reports. Results Rates of police-related fatalities varied dramatically, with the deadliest MSAs exhibiting rates nine times those of the least deadly. Overall rates in Southwestern MSAs were highest, with lower rates in the northern Midwest and Northeast. Yet this pattern was reversed for Black-White inequities, with Northeast and Midwest MSAs exhibiting the highest inequities nationwide. Our main results excluded deaths that could be considered accidents (e.g., vehicular collisions), but sensitivity analyses demonstrated that doing so may underestimate the rate of fatal police violence in some MSAs by 60%. Black-White and Latinx-White inequities were slightly underestimated nationally by excluding reportedly 'accidental' deaths, but MSA-specific inequities were sometimes severely under-or overestimated. Conclusions Preventing fatal police violence in different areas of the country will likely require unique solutions. Estimates of the severity of these problems (overall rates, racial inequities, specific causes of death) in any given MSA are quite sensitive to which types of deaths are analyzed, and whether race and cause of death are attributed correctly. Monitoring and

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Race, Place, and Police-Caused Homicide in U.S. Municipalities

Cited by 50 publications

References 58 publications

Problems Establishing Identity/Residency in a City Neighborhood during a Black/White Police–Citizen Encounter: Reprising Du Bois’ Conception of Submission as “Submissive Civility”

Problems Establishing Identity/Residency in a City Neighborhood during a Black/White Police–Citizen Encounter: Reprising Du Bois’ Conception of Submission as “Submissive Civility”

The influence of body‐worn cameras, minority threat, and place on police activity

Mapping fatal police violence across U.S. metropolitan areas: Overall rates and racial/ethnic inequities, 2013-2017

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