Race, Masculinity and Imperialism: The British Officer and the Egyptian Army (1882–1899)

Military Orientalism: Middle East Ways of War

“…While the language was more politically correct than the racist language used in the nineteenth century, the sentiments of disdain and contempt concerning the defects and inferiority of the Oriental way of war, often lubricated by either ignorance or political malice, became further ingrained. 26 A brief overview of these observations highlights their faults.…”

Representative government as anti-imperialism: Edward Carpenter's radical critique of Victorian civilization

“…He focused on the bureaucrat, rather than the soldier or commander, as the basis for imperial masculinity. Most work on the relationship between gender and empire in the late-19 th century emphasizes the ways in which imperialism was seen as embodying the masculine virtues of military prowess and conquest (Deane, 2014; Dighton, 2016). I show that, for Carpenter, the masculine ideals embodied by the empire were far more banal.…”