Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Violent Victimization

Abstract

The victimization literature has clearly established race, ethnicity, and gender disparity in victimization risks whereas contemporary work has demonstrated that the intersection of these characteristics produces complex patterns in victimization risks. However, explanations for these differences within and across gender and race and ethnicity must continue to be explored and to that end the purpose of this research is to examine whether the well-established risk factors for victimization such as daily or routine activities and neighborhood conditions similarly influence risks for violent victimization among varying gender, racial, and ethnic groups. Using data from the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) 12 Cities study, the authors find that risks do vary both across and within gender. While routine activities are significant predictors of females' risks, neighborhood conditions seem to be better indicators of males' risks. Also, routine activities and neighborhood conditions have disparate effects on males' and females' risks across race and ethnicity. For example, while frequent use of public transportation has a null effect on White females' risks for violent victimization, it increases such for Black and Latina females. Likewise, although residential stability decreased the risks of violent victimization for White and Latino males, it increased the likelihood of victimization for Black males.

Historical Trends in Concerns About Social Issues Across Four Decades Among U.S. Adolescents

“…For instance, compared to non‐Black youth, Black youth endorsed greater concerns for race relations, crime and violence, hunger and poverty, and economic problems. Consistent with critical consciousness theory (Watts et al., ), these findings may reflect racial differences in experiences of racial prejudice and discrimination, crime, and poverty or more general heightened awareness of racial disparities in these problems (Flanagan et al., ; Like‐Haislip & Miofsky, ). These findings held even when accounting for parental education, and suggest that Black youth may be more aware of issues that reflect discrimination, victimization, and marginalization in society.…”

Psychopathy and Victim Selection: Does Nonverbal Decoding or Empathy Impact Vulnerability Ratings?

“…In addition, in-group/out-group, cultural and racial differences have been noted in the ability to correctly identify facial emotions of others (Wickline, Bailey, & Nowicki, 2009), which may have influenced the results due to the multinational sample collected through AmTurk. Furthermore, there is evidence for differential victimization risk patterns within and between gender and racial groups 2 (Like-Haislip & Miofsky, 2011). Based on these differential relationships of unstudied factors such as gender, race, and age of the victim on decoding vulnerability cues, these aspects should be considered as potential contributing factors in future research.…”

Fear of crime and community concerns: Mediating effect of risk and pragmatic fear

“…ROV can be described as the cognitive assessment of threat or danger whereas FOC is the affective counterpart, as such the two are often treated as separate constructs (Ferraro, 1995;Gabriel & Greve, 2003;Warr, 2000). Several studies highlighted the effect of ROV on FOC (McNeeley & Stutzenberger, 2013;Truman, 2007;Jackson, 2009) across demographic factors as well (Chadee, Ng Ying, Chadee, & Heath, 2016;Jackson, 2008Jackson, , 2009Tippett & Wolke, 2014;Like-Haislip & Miofsky, 2011).…”

“…ROV can be described as the cognitive assessment of threat or danger whereas FOC is the affective counterpart, as such the two are often treated as separate constructs (Ferraro, ; Gabriel & Greve, ; Warr, ). Several studies highlighted the effect of ROV on FOC (McNeeley & Stutzenberger, ; Truman, ; Jackson, ) across demographic factors as well (Chadee, Ng Ying, Chadee, & Heath, ; Jackson, , ; Tippett & Wolke, ; Like‐Haislip & Miofsky, ). Vulnerability, a main contributing factor to perceived ROV, refers to the perceived inability of an individual to resist direct or indirect consequences of victimisation (Cops & Pleysier, ).…”