‘Race,’ Ethnicity, and Forced Displacement

Ferrari, Luisa; Bird, Matthew; Jara, Soledad Castillo

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-47178-1_11

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Ecuador has resisted granting asylum to Venezuelan applicants; as of December 2022, Venezuelans in Ecuador had filed nearly 50,000 refugee status applications, but only 1,171 of these had been given refugee status (R4V 2022, 146). Until mid-2018, Venezuelans could enter and reside in Ecuador with just a national identification card (Freier and Jara 2020; Herrera 2019). Beginning in August 2018, however, to obtain temporary legal residency, Venezuelans at the border had to show a passport, a document certified in Venezuela attesting to no criminal record, and apply for a two-year humanitarian visa.…”

Section: Illegality and Value In Ecuadormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because of the largely dysfunctional Venezuelan government and civil society, obtaining these documents could be nearly impossible. Still, Venezuelans could enter the country without those documents and Ecuador put into place a “humanitarian corridor” to allow Venezuelans to pass through Ecuador (Freier and Jara 2020). Then, in July 2019, President Moreno signed a decree requiring Venezuelans to obtain a visa prior to arriving at the border (Wolfe 2021).…”

Section: Illegality and Value In Ecuadormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Then, in July 2019, President Moreno signed a decree requiring Venezuelans to obtain a visa prior to arriving at the border (Wolfe 2021). Given the near unattainability of the documents required, this action amounted to the closing of the Ecuadorian border to Venezuelans (Freier and Jara 2020; Pugh, Jiménez and Latuff 2020). The fees for visas have also been prohibitive (the impacts of fees will be discussed more in the next section).…”

Section: Illegality and Value In Ecuadormentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Value of Illegality: Venezuelan Migrants in Ecuador and the (Re)Entrenchment of Neoliberal Capitalism

Hiemstra

2023

International Migration Review

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Despite Ecuadorians’ own extensive experiences as international migrants, as Venezuelan migration into Ecuador has increased sharply in the last five years, the Ecuadorian government has enacted a barrage of restrictive and exclusionary policies at and within the country's borders. Consequently, Venezuelans in Ecuador are forced into illegality, a spatialized social condition that entails simultaneous marginalization and inclusion in the contemporary socioeconomic order. This paper draws on theorizations of governmentality, destitution economies, and status value to argue that the illegalization of migrants produces various forms of value for the government and broader public. First, illegality works as a governmental mechanism to reconcile neoliberal capitalism with the inequalities it exacerbates. At the national scale, illegalization of Venezuelan migrants facilitates political legitimation for the Ecuadorian government, and at the local scale, illegality makes migrants hyper-visible in ways that obscure the negative consequences of neoliberal economic strategies. Second, illegality facilitates strategies for economic exploitation of migrants by private actors at the local scale. Exploring how illegality produces value in Ecuador is useful for understanding other cases of South–South migration and draws attention to the disciplinary functions of migration management outside the Global North. This article provides a case study of multiple mobilities in the context of growing poverty, historical inequalities, and the entrenchment of neoliberal capitalism.

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Section: Illegality and Value In Ecuadormentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Illegality and Value In Ecuadormentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Illegality and Value In Ecuadormentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Value of Illegality: Venezuelan Migrants in Ecuador and the (Re)Entrenchment of Neoliberal Capitalism

Hiemstra

2023

International Migration Review

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“…The articles in this issue fall into three main thematic axes. The first set of papers addresses the applicability and implementation of the refugee definition of the Cartagena Declaration to the case of Venezuelan displacement (see Freier et al, 2020; Sánchez Nájera & Freier, 2021). Based on a systematic legal analysis, Freier and colleagues confirm the applicability of the Cartagena refugee definition to the Venezuelan case, as it meets three of the five elements of the definition: massive violations of human rights, generalized violence and events that seriously disturb public order.…”

Section: This Special Sectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, and as shown by Doña‐Reveco and Gouveia in this special issue, migrants and refugees may favour restrictive immigration and refugee policies targeting “new‐comers.” Finally, Sánchez Nájera and Freier end their article by suggesting that COMAR’s nationality‐based positive discrimination in the application of the Cartagena Declaration refugee definition to Venezuelans, but not to Central Americas, can be partly explained by socio‐racial characteristics. Future studies should, thus, focus on the criteria employed by governments when granting refugee protection or (temporary) residence visas, paying specific attention to nationality‐based (positive and negative) discrimination and the importance of socio‐racial hierarchies (Freier et al, 2020).…”

Section: Policy Recommendations and Further Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Introduction: Latin American Political and Policy Responses to Venezuelan Displacement

Freier

Doña‐Reveco

2022

International Migration

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As of December 2021, Venezuela's political, humanitarian and economic crisis has led to the departure of over 6 million of its citizens, rendering it the second biggest and fastest escalating displacement scenario worldwide, which will likely soon surpass the Syrian exodus. Most Venezuelan migrants and refugees have remained in Latin America, often facing situations of precarity, both during the migration journey and in receiving countries. The images of thousands of Venezuelans walking across the continent, sleeping along highways, in parks and in other public spaces, as well as experiencing increasing incidences of xenophobic violence fuelled by criminalizing narratives in the media (UP & ACNUR, 2021a), showcase the increasing vulnerability of this population. The exponential growth of Venezuelan displacement over the years, as well as the increasingly negative public opinion towards this group (UP & ACNUR, 2021b), has put regional immigration and refugee policies to the test. This special issue contributes to the literature on both domestic and regional immigration and refugee policies, by offering a comparison of Latin American governments' political and policy responses to the Venezuelan exodus.The rapid increase in the arrival of Venezuelans, which accelerated in 2016, led to a range of policy responses, and, in some cases, provoked restrictive changes in countries' immigration and refugee legislation. Acosta et al.(2019) classified initial policy reactions into six groups: Those that: (1) (Unilaterally) extended residence agreements of two regional blocs -the Southern Common Market (Mercosur) and the Union of South American Nations (Unasur) -to Venezuelan citizens (Argentina, Brazil, Ecuador and Uruguay); (2) Implemented special temporary residence permits (Chile, Colombia and Peru); (3) Developed no specific immigration policies (Costa Rica and Paraguay); (4) Applied the 1984 Cartagena Declaration refugee definition (Brazil and Mexico); (5) Executed regularization processes for Venezuelans already living in their territories (Bolivia and Panama) and (6) Enforced sanctions and expulsions (predominantly Caribbean countries).Thus, instead of systematically applying the regional Cartagena refugee definition, or the Mercosur 2002 Residence Agreement (Brumat & Freier, 2021), governments haphazardly responded to the Venezuelan displacement phenomenon with a series of ad hoc policies that were often torn between wanting to protect Venezuelans

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“A strangely familiar place”: Cinematic (Re)framings of the EU’s Easternmost Border

Nicolaou

2023

The Palgrave Handbook of European Migration in Literature and Culture

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‘Race,’ Ethnicity, and Forced Displacement

Cited by 6 publications

References 56 publications

The Value of Illegality: Venezuelan Migrants in Ecuador and the (Re)Entrenchment of Neoliberal Capitalism

The Value of Illegality: Venezuelan Migrants in Ecuador and the (Re)Entrenchment of Neoliberal Capitalism

Introduction: Latin American Political and Policy Responses to Venezuelan Displacement

“A strangely familiar place”: Cinematic (Re)framings of the EU’s Easternmost Border

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