Race Distribution of Soybean Cyst Nematode in the Main Soybean Producing Area of Huang-Huai Rivers Valley

Molecular Ecology Resources

Wang

et al. 2019

Self Cite

Soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycines) is a major pest of soybean that is spreading across major soybean production regions worldwide. Increased SCN virulence has recently been observed in both the United States and China. However, no study has reported a genome assembly for H. glycines at the chromosome scale. Herein, the first chromosome‐level reference genome of X12, an unusual SCN race with high infection ability, is presented. Using whole‐genome shotgun (WGS) sequencing, Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) sequencing, Illumina paired‐end sequencing, 10X Genomics linked reads and high‐throughput chromatin conformation capture (Hi‐C) genome scaffolding techniques, a 141.01‐megabase (Mb) assembled genome was obtained with scaffold and contig N50 sizes of 16.27 Mb and 330.54 kilobases (kb), respectively. The assembly showed high integrity and quality, with over 90% of Illumina reads mapped to the genome. The assembly quality was evaluated using Core Eukaryotic Genes Mapping Approach and Benchmarking Universal Single‐Copy Orthologs. A total of 11,882 genes were predicted using de novo, homolog and RNAseq data generated from eggs, second‐stage juveniles (J2), third‐stage juveniles (J3) and fourth‐stage juveniles (J4) of X12, and 79.0% of homologous sequences were annotated in the genome. These high‐quality X12 genome data will provide valuable resources for research in a broad range of areas, including fundamental nematode biology, SCN–plant interactions and co‐evolution, and also contribute to the development of technology for overall SCN management.

Section: Selection Of Individuals For Sequencingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chromosome‐level reference genome of X12, a highly virulent race of the soybean cyst nematode Heterodera glycines

Molecular Ecology Resources

Wang

et al. 2019

Self Cite

“…In China, the SCN was restricted to the northeast and the Huang-Huai River Valley, the two principal soybean production areas. Races 2, 5, and 4 (in frequency) accounted for 83.9% of H. glycines populations in a race distribution survey in Huang-Huai Rivers Valley from the year 2012 to 2015 (Lian et al, 2016). Our survey also showed that the predominant race H. glycines have changed from race 1 in 2001 to 2003 (Lu et al, 2006a) to race 2 in 2012 to 2015 in Huang-Huai Rivers Valley.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 48%

A New Race (X12) of Soybean Cyst Nematode in China

Guo

et al. 2017

Journal of Nematology

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The soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines, is a serious economic threat to soybean-producing regions worldwide. A new SCN population (called race X12) was detected in Shanxi province, China. Race X12 could reproduce on all the indicator lines of both race and Heterodera glycines (HG) type tests. The average number of females on Lee68 (susceptible control) was 171.40 with the lowest Female Index (FI) 61.31 on PI88788 and the highest FI 117.32 on Pickett in the race test. The average number of females on Lee68 was 323.17 with the lowest FI 44.18 on PI88788 and the highest FI 97.83 on PI548316 in the HG type test. ZDD2315 and ZDD24656 are elite resistant germplasms in China. ZDD2315 is highly resistant to race 4, the strongest infection race in the 16 races with FI 1.51 while being highly sensitive to race X12 with FI 64.32. ZDD24656, a variety derived from PI437654 and ZDD2315, is highly resistant to race 1 and race 2. ZDD24656 is highly sensitive to race X12 with FI 99.12. Morphological and molecular studies of J2 and cysts confirmed the population as the SCN H. glycines. This is a new SCN race with stronger virulence than that of race 4 and is a potential threat to soybean production in China.

“…Heterodera glycines ( H. glycines , HG; soybean cyst nematode, SCN) is considered to be one of the most damaging pests in soybean worldwide, and the loss of revenue from SCN damage is estimated to be billions of dollars per year worldwide ( Koenning and Wrather, 2010 ; Bradley et al, 2021 ). There are few sporadic reports that SCN is also widely distributed in China but not many actions taken to control it yet ( Lian et al, 2016 ; Chen et al, 2021 ; Peng et al, 2021 ). Furthermore, it has also been reported that virulent nematode populations have developed over time and overcome the resistance of most known plant resistant sources, such as PI 88788 ( Niblack et al, 2008 ; Mitchum, 2016 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, it has also been reported that virulent nematode populations have developed over time and overcome the resistance of most known plant resistant sources, such as PI 88788 ( Niblack et al, 2008 ; Mitchum, 2016 ). In some soybean planting areas, the dominant SCN populations appear to be shifting in their virulence composition and complexity ( Lian et al, 2016 ; Howland et al, 2018 ), and an increasing number of HG types of the SCN ( Niblack et al, 2002 ) were detected ( Hua et al, 2018 ; Chen et al, 2021 ). Referring to the efficient mechanisms of the pathogen to overcome plant resistance genes and to minimize the accumulation of virulence genes, an efficient, proactive resistance gene management is needed to control the SCN damage in the soybean production ( Gardner et al, 2017 ; Shaibu et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Spatial Distribution and Genetic Diversity of the Soybean Cyst Nematode, Heterodera glycines, in China: It Is Time to Take Measures to Control Soybean Cyst Nematode

Koch²,

Bo³

et al. 2022

Front. Plant Sci.

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The continuous evolution and spread of virulent forms of the soybean cyst nematode (SCN) driven by the environment and anthropogenic intervention is a serious threat to the soybean production worldwide, including China. Especially in China, the implemented measures to control SCN are insufficient for sustainable agricultural development yet. We summarized our knowledge about the spread and spatial distribution of SCN in China and the virulence diversity in the main soybean growing areas. To reveal the genetic relatedness and diversity of SCN populations, we re-sequenced 53 SCN genomes from the Huang-Huai Valleys, one of the two main soybean growing areas in China. We identified spreading patterns linked to the local agroecosystems and topographies. Moreover, we disclosed the first evidence for the selection of complex virulence in the field even under low selection pressure in an example from North Shanxi. SCN is present in all soybean growing areas in China but SCN susceptible cultivars are still largely grown indicating that SCN-related damage and financial loss have not received the attention they deserve yet. To prevent increasing yield losses and to improve the acceptance of resistant cultivars by the growers, we emphasized that it is time to accelerate SCN resistance breeding, planting resistant cultivars to a larger extent, and to support farmers to implement a wider crop rotation for sustainable development of the soybean production in China.