Race and Virulence Analysis of <i>Puccinia triticina</i> in China in 2014 and 2015

Zhang, Lin; Shi, Changhong; Li, Lingrui; Li, Min; Meng, Qingfang; Yan, Huihuang; Liu, Daqun

doi:10.1094/pdis-05-19-1051-re

Cited by 22 publications

(42 citation statements)

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“…Wheat leaf rust, caused by P. triticina (Pt), is one of the most severe and globally widespread fungal diseases in wheat (Huerta-Espino et al, 2011;Helfer, 2014). The Pt isolate PHTT(P) identified and sequenced here represents the major epidemic virulent pathotype in China in recent years (Zhang et al, 2020). Most of the designated wheat leaf rust resistance (Lr) genes have been compromised by this virulent rust pathotype ( Supplementary Table S2), indicating that PHTT(P) may be a suitable model to study the virulence mechanism by which leaf rust suppresses various plant defenses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Uredospores of the epidemic Pt pathotype PHTT(P) were collected from the field as described in our earlier study (Zhang et al, 2020). Seedling plants of the common wheat cultivar "Chinese Spring" were grown in a glasshouse.…”

Section: Rust Inoculation and Rna Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A total of 20 wheat differential hosts carrying a single leaf rust resistance (Lr) gene were employed to clarify the virulent profile of the Pt isolate. Based on the observed leaf rust phenotypes ( Supplementary Table S2) and the modified naming code for Pt pathotypes (Kolmer and Hughes, 2016), we temporally designated the Pt isolate as PHTT(P), which was reported as one of the predominant virulent pathotypes in China in both 2014 and 2015 (Zhang et al, 2020). Among the differential hosts screened, a few wheat isogenic lines carrying the Lr2a, Lr9, Lr24, and Lr28 genes showed resistance to this Pt pathotype.…”

Section: Pt Pathotype Phtt(p) Was Designated Based On Its Virulent Prmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genome-Wide Identification of Effector Candidates With Conserved Motifs From the Wheat Leaf Rust Fungus Puccinia triticina

Zhao

Shang

et al. 2020

Front. Microbiol.

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Rust fungi secrete various specialized effectors into host cells to manipulate the plant defense response. Conserved motifs, including RXLR, LFLAK-HVLVxxP (CRN), Y/F/WxC, CFEM, LysM, EAR, [SG]-P-C-[KR]-P, DPBB_1 (PNPi), and ToxA, have been identified in various oomycete and fungal effectors and are reported to be crucial for effector translocation or function. However, little is known about potential effectors containing any of these conserved motifs in the wheat leaf rust fungus (Puccinia triticina, Pt). In this study, sequencing was performed on RNA samples collected from the germ tubes (GT) of uredospores of an epidemic Pt pathotype PHTT(P) and Pt-infected leaves of a susceptible wheat cultivar "Chinese Spring" at 4, 6, and 8 days postinoculation (dpi). The assembled transcriptome data were compared to the reference genome of "Pt 1-1 BBBD Race 1." A total of 17,976 genes, including 2,284 "novel" transcripts, were annotated. Among all these genes, we identified 3,149 upregulated genes upon Pt infection at all time points compared to GT, whereas 1,613 genes were more highly expressed in GT. A total of 464 secreted proteins were encoded by those upregulated genes, with 79 of them also predicted as possible effectors by EffectorP. Using hmmsearch and Regex, we identified 719 RXLR-like, 19 PNPi-like, 19 CRN-like, 138 Y/F/WxC, and 9 CFEM effector candidates from the deduced protein database including data based on the "Pt 1-1 BBBD Race 1" genome and the transcriptome data collected here. Four of the PNPi-like effector candidates with DPBB_1 conserved domain showed physical interactions with wheat NPR1 protein in yeast two-hybrid assay. Nine Y/F/WxC and seven CFEM effector candidates were transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana. None of these effector candidates showed induction or suppression of cell death triggered by BAX protein, but the expression of one CFEM effector candidate, PTTG_08198, accelerated the progress of cell death and promoted the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In conclusion, we profiled genes associated with the infection process of the Pt pathotype PHTT(P). The identified effector candidates with conserved motifs will help guide the investigation of virulent mechanisms of leaf rust fungus.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Rust Inoculation and Rna Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pt Pathotype Phtt(p) Was Designated Based On Its Virulent Prmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genome-Wide Identification of Effector Candidates With Conserved Motifs From the Wheat Leaf Rust Fungus Puccinia triticina

Zhao

Shang

et al. 2020

Front. Microbiol.

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“…All surveys in wheat-growing areas to date have provided evidence for continual evolution of P. triticina populations, with rapid changes in pathotype frequencies (Goyeau et al ., 2012; Kosman et al ., 2019; Zhang et al ., 2020; Fontyn et al ., 2022; Kolmer & Fajolu, 2022). These changes can be explained intrinsically by the acquisition of new virulence genes, by mutations, somatic exchanges or, more rarely, genetic recombination.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution within a given virulence phenotype (pathotype) is driven by changes in aggressiveness: a case study of French wheat leaf rust populations

Fontyn

Meyer

Boixel

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Plant pathogens are constantly evolving and adapting to their environment, including their host. Virulence alleles emerge, and then increase, and sometimes decrease in frequency within pathogen populations in response to the fluctuating selection pressures imposed by the deployment of resistance genes. In some cases, these strong selection pressures cannot fully explain the evolution observed in pathogen populations. A previous study on the French population of Puccinia triticina, the causal agent of wheat leaf rust, showed that two major pathotypes — groups of isolates with the same combinations of virulences — predominated but then declined over the 2005-2016 period. The relative dynamics of these two pathotypes — 166 317 0 and 106 314 0 — relative to the others present in the population could not be explained solely by the frequency of Lr genes in the landscape. Within these two pathotypes, we identified two main genotypes that emerged in succession. We assessed three components of aggressiveness — infection efficiency, latency period and sporulation capacity — for 44 isolates representative of the four P. triticina pathotype-genotype combinations. We showed, for both pathotypes, that the most recent genotypes were more aggressive than the older ones. Our findings were highly consistent for the various components of aggressiveness for pathotype 166 317 0 grown on Michigan Amber — a 'naive' cultivar never grown in the landscape — or on Apache — a 'neutral' cultivar, with no selection effect on the landscape-pathotype pattern. For pathotype 106 314 0, the most recent genotype was more aggressive on several of the cultivars most frequently grown in the landscape, but not on 'neutral' and 'naive' cultivars, and only in terms of its latency period. We conclude that the quantitative components of aggressiveness can be significant drivers of evolution in pathogen populations. A gain in aggressiveness allowed the maintenance of a declining pathotype, and even further expansion of that pathotype, in the pathogen population, providing evidence that virulence alone is not sufficient, aggressiveness also being required for the adaptation of a pathogen to a changing varietal landscape.

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“…Compared with chemical control, the cultivation of disease-resistant varieties is more economical and environmentally friendly and plays a key role in the control of wheat leaf rust [4][5][6]. At present, the leaf rust disease resistance genes Lr1, Lr2a, Lr2c, Lr3, Lr16, Lr26, Lr11, Lr17, Lr10, Lr14a, Lr2b, Lr3bg, Lr14b, Lr32, Lr33 and Lr50 have lost disease resistance to most P. triticina races due to environmental changes and variations in physiological races in China [7][8][9]. The discovery and utilization of new genes for resistance to leaf rust can overcome the epidemics of leaf rust caused by long-term and widely used resistance genes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Gene Expression and Regulatory Characteristics of Broad-Spectrum Immunity to Leaf Rust in a Wheat–Agropyron cristatum 2P Addition Line

Liu

et al. 2022

IJMS

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Wheat leaf rust (caused by Puccinia triticina Erikss.) is among the major diseases of common wheat. The lack of resistance genes to leaf rust has limited the development of wheat cultivars. Wheat–Agropyron cristatum (A. cristatum) 2P addition line II-9-3 has been shown to provide broad-spectrum immunity to leaf rust. To identify the specific A. cristatum resistance genes and related regulatory pathways in II-9-3, we conducted a comparative transcriptome analysis of inoculated and uninoculated leaves of the resistant addition line II-9-3 and the susceptible cultivar Fukuhokomugi (Fukuho). The results showed that there were 66 A. cristatum differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 1389 wheat DEGs in II-9-3 during P. triticina infection. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) revealed that the DEGs of II-9-3 were associated with plant–pathogen interaction, MAPK signaling pathway–plant, plant hormone signal transduction, glutathione metabolism, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Furthermore, many defense-related A. cristatum genes, such as two NLR genes, seven receptor kinase-encoding genes, and four transcription factor-encoding genes, were identified. Our results indicated that the key step of resistance to leaf rust involves, firstly, the gene expression of chromosome 2P upstream of the immune pathway and, secondly, the effect of chromosome 2P on the co-expression of wheat genes in II-9-3. The disease resistance regulatory pathways and related genes in the addition line II-9-3 thus could play a critical role in the effective utilization of innovative resources for leaf rust resistance in wheat breeding.

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Race and Virulence Analysis of Puccinia triticina in China in 2014 and 2015

Cited by 22 publications

References 20 publications

Genome-Wide Identification of Effector Candidates With Conserved Motifs From the Wheat Leaf Rust Fungus Puccinia triticina

Genome-Wide Identification of Effector Candidates With Conserved Motifs From the Wheat Leaf Rust Fungus Puccinia triticina

Evolution within a given virulence phenotype (pathotype) is driven by changes in aggressiveness: a case study of French wheat leaf rust populations

Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Gene Expression and Regulatory Characteristics of Broad-Spectrum Immunity to Leaf Rust in a Wheat–Agropyron cristatum 2P Addition Line

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