Raccoon (Procyon lotor) biomarker and rabies antibody response to varying oral rabies vaccine bait densities in northwestern Pennsylvania

Pedersen, Kerri; Schmit, Brandon S.; DeLiberto, Thomas J.; Suckow, Jason; Davis, Amy J.; Slate, Dennis; Chipman, Richard B.; Hale, Robert L.; Gilbert, Amy T.

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00754

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Areas managed with ORV using ONRAB tended to have lower probabilities of RABV occupancy than those using V-RG. This is supported by previous studies [25] that examined population seroconversion rates of raccoons in areas baited with ONRAB and V-RG and found higher seroprevalence in areas baited with ONRAB compared to V-RG [34,35]. The impact of bait density was slight, but RABV occupancy tended to decline with higher bait densities for both vaccine bait types, however there was considerable variability across the study area.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Raccoon rabies control and elimination in the northeastern USA and southern Québec, Canada

Davis

Gagnier²,

Massé³

et al. 2023

Epidemiol. Infect.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Raccoon rabies control and elimination in the northeastern USA and southern Québec, Canada

Davis

Gagnier²,

Massé³

et al. 2023

Epidemiol. Infect.

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“…Bait densities have remained largely limited to 2 options: 75 baits/km 2 , or when raccoon densities are known or suspected to be high or there is a generally poor immune response, bait density has been increased to 150/km 2 in an attempt to increase population immunity (Slate et al 2009, 2014). Bait density as high as 300/km 2 has been evaluated (Sattler et al 2009, Pedersen et al 2018) and bait density of 37/km 2 is currently being evaluated for an ORV immune response where raccoon densities are low.…”

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confidence: 99%

Rabies Management Implications Based on Raccoon Population Density Indexes

et al. 2020

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An estimate or index of target species density is important in determining oral rabies vaccination (ORV) bait densities to control and eliminate specific rabies variants. From 1997–2011, we indexed raccoon (Procyon lotor) densities 253 times based on cumulative captures on 163 sites from Maine to Alabama, USA, near ORV zones created to prevent raccoon rabies from spreading to new areas. We conducted indexing under a common cage trapping protocol near the time of annual ORV to aid in bait density decisions. Unique raccoons (n = 8,415) accounted for 68.0% of captures (n = 12,367). We recaptured raccoons 2,669 times. We applied Schnabel and Huggins mark‐recapture models on sites with ≥3 years of capture data and ≥25% recaptures as context for raccoon density indexes (RDIs). Simple linear relationships between RDIs and mark‐recapture estimates supported application of our index. Raccoon density indexes ranged from 0.0–56.9 raccoons/km2. For bait density decisions, we evaluated RDIs in the following 4 raccoon density groups, which were statistically different: (0.0–5.0 [n = 70], 5.1–15.0 [n = 129], 15.1–25.0 [n = 31], and >25.0 raccoons/km2 [n = 23]). Mean RDI was positively associated with a higher percentage of developed land cover and a lower percentage of evergreen forest. Non‐target species composition (excluding recaptured raccoons) accounted for 32.0% of captures. Potential bait competitors accounted for 76.5% of non‐targets. The opossum (Didelphis virginiana) was the primary potential bait competitor from 27°N to 44°N latitude, north of which it was numerically replaced by the striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis). We selected the RDI approach over mark‐recapture methods because of costs, geographic scope, staff availability, and the need for supplemental serologic samples. The 4 density groups provided adequate sensitivity to support bait density decisions for the current 2 bait density options. Future improvements to the method include providing random trapping locations to field personnel to prevent trap clustering and marking non‐targets to better characterize bait competitors. © 2020 The Authors. The Journal of Wildlife Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of The Wildlife Society.

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“…In spite of this positive early response to ORV in Ohio, the magnitude of the population seroprevalence response did not meet the theoretical vaccination coverage (≥60%) recommended for effective raccoon RV control and elimination [ 48 , 49 ]. Pedersen et al [ 50 ] reported a similar trend for RABORAL V-RG in a Pennsylvania field trial with target bait densities approximating those evaluated by Sattler et al [ 47 ], yet a subsequent study at 75/km 2 and 150/km 2 in Virginia indicated no change in seroprevalence between treated target populations [ 51 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Serological Responses of Raccoons and Striped Skunks to Ontario Rabies Vaccine Bait in West Virginia during 2012–2016

Johnson

Slate²,

Nelson³

et al. 2021

Viruses

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Since the 1990s, oral rabies vaccination (ORV) has been used successfully to halt the westward spread of the raccoon rabies virus (RV) variant from the eastern continental USA. Elimination of raccoon RV from the eastern USA has proven challenging across targeted raccoon (Procyon lotor) and striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) populations impacted by raccoon RV. Field trial evaluations of the Ontario Rabies Vaccine Bait (ONRAB) were initiated to expand ORV products available to meet the rabies management goal of raccoon RV elimination. This study describes the continuation of a 2011 trial in West Virginia. Our objective was to evaluate raccoon and skunk response to ORV occurring in West Virginia for an additional two years (2012–2013) at 75 baits/km2 followed by three years (2014–2016) of evaluation at 300 baits/km2. We measured the change in rabies virus-neutralizing antibody (RVNA) seroprevalence in targeted wildlife populations by comparing levels pre- and post-ORV during each year of study. The increase in bait density from 75/km2 to 300/km2 corresponded to an increase in average post-ORV seroprevalence for raccoon and skunk populations. Raccoon population RVNA levels increased from 53% (300/565, 95% CI: 50–57%) to 82.0% (596/727, 95% CI: 79–85%) during this study, and skunk population RVNA levels increased from 11% (8/72, 95% CI: 6–20%) to 39% (51/130, 95% CI: 31–48%). The RVNA seroprevalence pre-ORV demonstrated an increasing trend across study years for both bait densities and species, indicating that multiple years of ORV may be necessary to achieve and maintain RVNA seroprevalence in target wildlife populations for the control and elimination of raccoon RV in the eastern USA.

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Raccoon (Procyon lotor) biomarker and rabies antibody response to varying oral rabies vaccine bait densities in northwestern Pennsylvania

Cited by 9 publications

References 39 publications

Raccoon rabies control and elimination in the northeastern USA and southern Québec, Canada

Raccoon rabies control and elimination in the northeastern USA and southern Québec, Canada

Rabies Management Implications Based on Raccoon Population Density Indexes

Serological Responses of Raccoons and Striped Skunks to Ontario Rabies Vaccine Bait in West Virginia during 2012–2016

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