Rabies Virus Neutralizing Antibodies in Unvaccinated Rabies Occupational Risk Groups in Niger State, Nigeria

Garba, A.; Umoh, J. U.; Kazeem, H. M.; Dzikwi, A. A.; Ahmed, Meselu; Ogun, A. A.; Okewole, P. A.; Habib, Murad; Zaharaddeen, A.

doi:10.9734/ijtdh/2015/14461

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…In this study, 29/373 (7.8%) dog butchers who had never been vaccinated with rabies vaccine, had NTA against rabies virus with a low titer (GMT5 0.25 IU/mL. This finding is similar to that of Garba et al, 18 who examined groups at risk of rabies, including dog meat consumers, butchers, owners, hunters, and veterinarians. They found that 14.8-25% of unvaccinated professional groups had NTA against rabies with titers ranging from 0.05 to 0.65 IU/mL.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Risk Factors and Protective Immunity Against Rabies in Unvaccinated Butchers Working at Dog Slaughterhouses in Northern Vietnam

Nguyen¹,

Vu²,

Nguyen

et al. 2021

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Vietnam is a rabies-endemic country where eating dog meat is customary. However, the risks of rabies transmission to dog slaughtering and processing workers have not been identified. This study aimed to determine the rabies neutralizing antibody (NTA) and risk factors in dog slaughterers to propose appropriate intervention methods for this occupational group. In 2016, a cross-sectional study on NTA against rabies virus and related factors was conducted among 406 professional dog slaughterers in Vietnam. The participants were interviewed using a structured questionnaire, and their sera were tested for rabies NTA by a rapid focus fluorescence inhibition test. Statistical algorithms were used to analyze the data. The results showed that most of the professional dog butchers (344/406 subjects, 84.7%) had no rabies NTA. Interestingly, 7.8% (29/373) had NTA without a rabies vaccination history. Over 5 years of experience as a dog butcher was positively associated with the presence of NTA in unvaccinated individuals (OR = 6.16, P = 0.001). The NTA in vaccinated butchers was present in higher titer and for longer persistence to those of other previously reported professionals, which is possibly as a result of multiple exposures to low levels of rabies virus antigens during dog slaughtering. Our study demonstrated that professional dog butchers in Vietnam are at a high risk of rabies virus infection, apart from those with common bite experiences. In countries where dog meat consumption is customary, rabies control and prevention activities should focus on safety during dog trading and slaughtering.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Risk Factors and Protective Immunity Against Rabies in Unvaccinated Butchers Working at Dog Slaughterhouses in Northern Vietnam

Nguyen¹,

Vu²,

Nguyen

et al. 2021

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…Also, dog butchers often fail to be vaccinated or use personal protective equipment (PPE) when handling dogs [23]. Indeed, two studies reported the presence of RBV antibodies in dog butchers without a prior history of vaccination [24,82], suggestive of previous exposure and potential subclinical infection. These findings are of public health concern and highlight the need for health promotion interventions targeting dog butchers in Nigeria.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rabies epidemiology, prevention and control in Nigeria: Scoping progress towards elimination

Mshelbwala

Weese²,

Sanni-Adeniyi

et al. 2021

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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Background Human rabies remains a significant public health problem in Africa with outbreaks reported in most countries. In Nigeria–the most populous country in Africa–rabies causes a significant public health burden partly due to perennial obstacles to implementing a national prevention and control program. Methods We conducted a scoping review using standard Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to identify and select published articles from Nigeria during 1978–2020 reporting on rabies virus infections (human, canine, livestock, and wildlife), canine bites, knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) surveys on rabies and canine ecology studies. We extracted information on study location, year and additional details of each study such as rabies prevalence, general characteristics of offending dogs, dog vaccination status and health-seeking behaviours. Findings Between 1978 and 2020, 90 published articles met our inclusion criteria. The prevalence of rabies virus antigen detection varied between 3% and 28%, with more studies in the north. Most bites were unprovoked from dog bite studies (36.4%-97%), by dogs with low vaccination rates (12–38%). A more significant proportion of biting dogs were owned (31–90%). Laboratory confirmation for biting was available for only a small proportion of studies (6%; n = 2/32). Of the dogs surveyed during ecology studies, indigenous dogs accounted for the majority (62–98%), used mostly for security purposes (52–98%), with the vaccination rate between 15% and 38% in most states. Studies conducted in areas distant from rabies diagnostic facilities accounted for more human rabies cases and fewer dog rabies cases. Conclusion Significant improvements are necessary to achieve the elimination of human rabies mediated via dogs by 2030.

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“…The other two were never vaccinated but still had titers because they are exposure to the work of lifting live (for animal birth control, ABC) as well as dead (for disposal) animals (Dogs/Monkeys etc.) reported to the corporation and may have acquired immunity because of that as is proved in many such conditions like handling and butchering dogs in African countries like Nigeria [6] and pose serious risk to such people by such animals [7]- [9] as 22.6% of apparently healthy dogs were found to be positive for rabies virus in Nigeria [10] [11]. This poses serious risk to dog handlers of municipalities and therefore urgent need for pre exposure rabies vaccination.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunizing Vulnerable Populations Like Rag Pickers, Garbage Collectors, Municipality Workers and Newspaper Hawkers against Rabies in Shimla Municipality, HP, India

Bharti¹

2015

WJV

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Background: Rabies is a zoonotic disease and many vulnerable sections like rag pickers and municipality workers neglect animal bites due to ignorance of their potential deadly outcomes. Stray dogs abound in garbage pits and this population is exposed to their attacks. It should be a mandate for municipalities to help protect their sanitary workforce, especially rag pickers, from deadly infectious diseases such as Rabies, Hepatitis-B, HIV, Tetanus etc. Objectives: Objective of this study was to study methods to provide pre-exposure Rabies vaccination for such highly exposed populations by engaging them and understanding their perception of this disease through a constant dialogue with them. Methods: We started by engaging with the rag pickers to know how best to entice them to get themselves immunized. We then attempted to search literature for the most practical methods likely to succeed in reducing risk of rabies deaths in this population. Results: WHO approved 3 injections of 0.1 ml tissue culture vaccine on days 0, 7 and 21 were tried but were shown to result in many dropouts among rag pickers for repeat injections. We then followed a method where 0.1 ml of rabies vaccine was injected at 4 different anatomical sited in one setting. This proved acceptable and relatively inexpensive. A small number of subjects were studied by determination of neutralizing antibody by RFFIT, which proved immunogenic having anamnestic response on boosters given single IM or at 4 sites ID subsequently, implying that short schedule rabies pre-exposure vaccination can be done in high risk groups and may save lives if applied to the poorest that are highly exposed.

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Rabies Virus Neutralizing Antibodies in Unvaccinated Rabies Occupational Risk Groups in Niger State, Nigeria

Cited by 6 publications

References 17 publications

Risk Factors and Protective Immunity Against Rabies in Unvaccinated Butchers Working at Dog Slaughterhouses in Northern Vietnam

Risk Factors and Protective Immunity Against Rabies in Unvaccinated Butchers Working at Dog Slaughterhouses in Northern Vietnam

Rabies epidemiology, prevention and control in Nigeria: Scoping progress towards elimination

Immunizing Vulnerable Populations Like Rag Pickers, Garbage Collectors, Municipality Workers and Newspaper Hawkers against Rabies in Shimla Municipality, HP, India

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