Ra and the average effective strain of surface asperities deformed in metal-working processes

Mesoscale Folding, Instability, and Disruption of Laminar Flow in Metal Surfaces

“…In contrast, at α = −70 • flow is essentially laminar, as indicated by the surface and by a lack of meander in the streaklines in Plane-strain finite element analysis (FEA) was performed using ABAQUS explicit dynamics [14] to explain fold formation. Slip line fields [15,16] and one dimensional approximations [17] are inadequate for complex plastic flows. Molecular dynamics, while useful for nanoscale tribological studies [18,19], is computationally infeasible at the mesoscale.…”

Asperity deformation, lubricant trapping and iron fines formation mechanism in cold rolling processes

“…In fact, the roll/strip interface will be limited by random contact between hills. Thus, we need to increase the above mentioned friction coefficient [14]. With this assumption, the initial coefficient is dividing by the ratio of the real on apparent surface and will be taken equal to 0.08.…”

Review of friction modeling in metal forming processes

“…The model was verified by Bay and Wanheim (1976) in controlled, high pressure sliding contact experiments between model asperities and a plane tool surface. The effect of trapped lubricant was studied by Nellemann et al (1977), the resulting surface roughness and average effective strain of the deformed asperities were predicted by Bay et al (1975), and the effect of asperities on asperities was analyzed by Steffensen and Wanheim (1977). Wanheim and Bay (1978) gave an overview of the model.…”