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Abstract

Background: Differences among species and among years in reproductive seasonality (the tendency for clusters of events to fall at approximately the same point in each year) and synchrony (amount of clustering of events within a year) have been intensively studied in bats, but are difficult to assess. Here, we use randomization methods with circular statistics to test for synchrony and seasonality of reproduction in three species of nectarivorous megachiropteran bats on Negros Island in the central Philippines.

Birth synchrony and postnatal growth in Rhinolophus ferrumequinum (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) in two successive dry (2015) and wet year (2016) in a nursing colony in Kerend cave, western Iran

“…Therefore, any reproductive event (birth) can be quantified as vector (mean) representing the number of points (days) reporting the event. The mean and variance around the mean as an angular variance are computed from following equation (Batschelet, 1981;Heideman & Utzurrum, 2003):…”

“…Seasonality and synchrony in reproduction should be favored if optimum conditions for reproduction are available in a short period of time (Iwasa & Levin, 1995). The degree of both reproductive synchrony and seasonality may be under the influence of several factors such as timing of maximum resource availability, predator density and advantages of intra-specific cooperation (Heideman & Utzurrum, 2003).…”

“…All of these metrics influence the number of breeding attempts, number and growth of neonates and eventually dictate the annual reproduction output. Reproductive seasonality which is the similarity in the timing of reproduction events in two or more years and reproductive synchrony which is the similarity in the timing of reproduction within a population within a year (Heideman & Utzurrum, 2003) can also be affected by temperature and levels of precipitation (Heideman & Utzurrum, 2003;Reiter, 2004). Seasonality and synchrony in reproduction should be favored if optimum conditions for reproduction are available in a short period of time (Iwasa & Levin, 1995).…”

Philippine bats of the genus Kerivoula (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae): Overview and assessment of variation in K. pellucida and K. whiteheadi

“…With at least 80 species of bats recorded (Heaney et al 2010(Heaney et al , 2012, the Philippines has a rich fauna that provides opportunity for such studies. Among Philippine bats, the family Pteropodidae, with 26 species, has been the most extensively studied, including ecology, geographic patterns of genetic variation and gene flow, the relationship of species richness and island area, and the frequency and sources of colonization to the Philippines from other geographic sources (e.g., Heaney 1991;Heideman 1995;Heideman & Utzurrum 2003;Ingle 2003;Sedlock et al 2008Sedlock et al , 2011Sedlock et al , 2014aHeaney & Roberts 2009).…”

Isolation ofWaddlia malaysiensis, A Novel Intracellular Bacterium, from Fruit Bat (Eonycteris spelaea)

“…This bat is a generalist nectivore that travels tens of kilometers from its cave-roosting sites to feed ( 16 ). It is found throughout Burma, Indonchina, the Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, Nepal, and northern India.…”