Angiogenesis is controlled by several regulatory mechanisms, including the Notch and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling pathways. FGF1, a prototype member of FGF family, lacks a signal peptide and is released through an endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi-independent mechanism. A soluble extracellular domain of the Notch ligand Jagged1 (sJ1) inhibits Notch signaling and induces FGF1 release. Thrombin, a key protease of the blood coagulation cascade and a potent inducer of angiogenesis, stimulates rapid FGF1 release through a mechanism dependent on the major thrombin receptor protease-activated receptor (PAR) 1. This study demonstrates that thrombin cleaves Jagged1 in its extracellular domain. The sJ1 form produced as a result of thrombin cleavage inhibits Notch-mediated CBF1/Suppressor of Hairless [(Su(H)]/Lag-1-dependent transcription and induces FGF1 expression and release. The overexpression of Jagged1 in PAR1 null cells results in a rapid thrombin-induced export of FGF1. These data demonstrate the existence of novel cross-talk between thrombin, FGF, and Notch signaling pathways, which play important roles in vascular formation and remodeling.
INTRODUCTIONFibroblast growth factor (FGF) family members exhibit a variety of biological activities. During embryogenesis, they regulate mesoderm induction, neurulation, and formation of the circulatory and skeletal systems (Fallon et al., 1994;Friesel and Maciag, 1999). During postnatal development, they play a crucial role in angiogenesis, tissue regeneration, inflammation, and pathogenesis of some tumors (Christofori and Luef, 1997;Friesel and Maciag, 1999;Woolley et al., 2000;Javerzat et al., 2002;Okunieff et al., 2003). The biological effects of FGFs are mediated through the activation of four transmembrane phosphotyrosine kinase receptors (FGFR1-4) (McKeehan et al., 1998), with the participation of cell surface proteoglycans (Ornitz and Itoh, 2001), and consequently require FGF release. FGF1 is a potent proangiogenic factor, which supports the survival of endothelial cells in vitro, stimulates the growth of vessels, and enhances the repair of infarctic lesions in vivo (Sellke et al., 1996;Schumacher et al., 1998;Friesel and Maciag, 1999;Buehler et al., 2002). FGF1 lacks a signal peptide in its primary structure (Friesel and Maciag, 1999), and, similar to other signal peptide-less extracellular regulatory proteins, it undergoes nonclassical export (for review, see Prudovsky et al., 2003;Nickel, 2005;Prudovsky et al., 2008).Thrombin, the key protease of the blood coagulation cascade, induces the expression of several growth factors (Bassus et al., 2001;Cucina et al., 2002;Cao et al., 2006) and exhibits proangiogenic activity (Steinhoff et al., 2005). We recently demonstrated that thrombin, through activation of the protease-activated receptor (PAR) 1, rapidly induces FGF1 expression and its release under nonstress conditions, revealing an interplay between thrombin signaling and nonclassical FGF1 release (Duarte et al., 2006). PAR1 is activated through the proteolyti...