“…Examples of the measurement of competitiveness using indicators at the firm level are in the papers by Akben-Selcuk (2016), Čadil, Mirošník, & Rehák (2017), Rodríguez-Pose & Hardy (2017. These indicators are normally the same as those used in the literature on the 1 3 microeconomic impacts of regional policy, for instance, in the papers by Bernini, Cerqua, & Pellegrini (2017), Bernini & Pellegrini (2011), Sterlacchini & Venturini (2019). Early studies in the 1990s focused on a "resource-based" view where a firm's competitive advantage derives from those resources that match specific conditions; later, scholars moved more towards a "capability-based" perspective, emphasizing a more dynamic view of competition (Depperu, & Cerrato, 2005).…”