Critical evaluations of audio mash-ups and remixes tend to congregate around two poles. On the one hand, these often clever recombinations of recorded music are celebrated as innovative and creative interventions in the material of bland commodity culture. On the other hand, they are often reviled as derivative, inauthentic, and illegal because they do nothing more than appropriate and reconfigure the intellectual property of others. This essay does not side with either position but identifies and critiques the common understanding and fundamental assumptions that make these two, opposed positions possible in the first place. The investigation of this matter is divided into two main parts. The first considers the traditional understanding of technologically enabled reproduction and the often unquestioned value it invests in the concept of originality. It does so by beginning with a somewhat unlikely source, Plato's Phaedrus-a dialogue that, it is argued, originally articulates the original concept of originality that both determines and is reproduced in the theories and practices of sound recording. The second part of the essay demonstrates how the audio mash-up deliberately intervenes in this tradition, advancing a fundamental challenge to the original understanding and privilege of originality. In making this argument, however, the essay does not endeavor to position the mash-up as anything unique or innovative. Instead, it demonstrates how mash-ups, true to their thoroughly derivative nature, plunder, reuse, and remix anomalies that are already available in and constitutive of recorded music. The record, not the remix, is the anomaly today. The remix is the very nature of the digital. Today, an endless, recombinant, and fundamentally social process generates countless hours of creative product (another antique term?)…The recombinant (the bootleg, the remix, the mash-up) has become the characteristic pivot at the turn of our two centuries (Gibson, 2005: 118). Although the audio mash-up 1 is a relatively new development in popular music, its cultural history appears to be already predetermined , programmed, and prescribed. The narrative trajectory of this D. Gunkel history, like the one that has been written for almost every innovation in pop music (e.g., jazz, rock 'n' roll, punk, rap, P2P, etc.), follows a rather well worn and recognizable path. Once upon a time, these narratives usually read, there was a revolutionary underground movement that sought to challenge the status quo. Mash-ups-a bastard art form created by the illegitimate appropriation and fusion of two or more audio recordings-were patently illegal, deliberate subversions of authority in the culture industry, and critical interventions in the very material of popular music. This part of the story is always and unapologetically imbued with an unquestioned validation of democratic ideals, revolutionary politics, and utopian pretensions: the people effectively challenge and circumvent the hegemony of multinational corporations, passive consumers of ...