Quinoxaline 1,4-Dioxide: A Versatile Scaffold Endowed With Manifold Activities

Abstract

Since 1940s, Quinoxaline 1,4-dioxides (QdNO's) are known as potent antibacterial agents, and subtherapeutic levels have been used to promote growth and improve efficiency of feed conversion in animal feed. They have also shown a selective cytotoxicity against hypoxic cells present in solid tumours. Furthermore, recent studies have put in evidence that QdNO's are endowed with antitubercular, antiprotozoal and anticandida activities. On the other hand, several authors have reported about photoallergic and mutagenic effects of some derivatives. QdNO's may also cause the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and influence the horizontal transfer of virulence genes between bacteria. In this review article we report the biological properties, the mode of action and Structure Activity Relationship (SAR) studies of the QdNO derivatives. Furthermore, some cytogenetic and genotoxic effects, classical and more recent method of synthesis, the quinoxaline 1,4-dioxides, and some of their most important reactions, were also reported.

Novel quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxide derivatives as new potential antichagasic agents

“…[10][11][12][13] Multiple anti-infective activities are well known for quinoxaline derivatives. [14,15] Our group has vast experience in the synthesis and biological evaluation of multiple quinoxaline 1,4-di-Noxide derivatives, having identified a broad spectrum of anti-infective activities. [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] The evaluation of several libraries of compounds led us to find a series with high in vitro activity against T. cruzi.…”

OqxAB, a Quinolone and Olaquindox Efflux Pump, Is Widely Distributed among Multidrug-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolates of Human Origin

“…Olaquindox and carbadox are quinoxaline derivatives with antibacterial properties that prevent dysentery and enhance weight gain in suckling pigs (2). Resistance to quinoxalines is mediated by the efflux pump OqxAB, which also extrudes antibiotics such as chloramphenicol and fluoroquinolones (3).…”

N-Oxide Reduction of Quinoxaline-1,4-Dioxides Catalyzed by Porcine Aldehyde Oxidase SsAOX1

“…QdNOs have a wide range of biologic properties, such as antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antiprotozoal, and anticancer activities (Carta et al, 2005), and have been widely used as human drugs or animal feed additives since the 1940s (Vicente et al, 2011).…”