Quick discrimination of seized Erimin-5 tablets by attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy

Mail, Radwan; Teoh, Way Koon; Kunalan, Vanitha; Chang, Kah Haw; Abdullah, Ahmad Fahmi Lim

doi:10.1080/00450618.2021.1921266

Cited by 3 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…ATR‐FTIR spectra of diazepam and nimetazepam was similar where both standards showed absorbance at wavenumber region between 1680 and 1630 cm −1 , representing the presence of amide group. Furthermore, absorbance peaks at 1486, 1484, and 701 cm −1 , indicative of respective C=C stretch, C–H deformation, and C–H out‐of‐plane deformation of a monosubstituted benzene ring were also revealed in the ATR‐FTIR spectra of diazepam and nimetazepam [32]. Nevertheless, nimetazepam could be discriminated from diazepam with the existence of a symmetry NO 2 stretching at 1335 cm −1 [32].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, absorbance peaks at 1486, 1484, and 701 cm −1 , indicative of respective C=C stretch, C-H deformation, and C-H out-of-plane deformation of a monosubstituted benzene ring were also revealed in the ATR-FTIR spectra of diazepam and nimetazepam [32]. Nevertheless, nimetazepam could be discriminated from diazepam with the existence of a symmetry NO 2 stretching at 1335 cm −1 [32].…”

Section: Visual Inspection Of Atr-ftir Spectramentioning

confidence: 97%

“…However, such techniques are often lengthy, involving toxic chemical reagents and destructive to the samples. Therefore, there is a need to establish a non-destructive, rapid, and environment-friendly technique for the same purpose, and attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy has been gaining attention for quick determination of drugs of abuse [32,33]. Using ATR-FTIR and chemometric principal component analysis (PCA), Mail et al [32] successfully categorized 90 seized Erimin-5 tablets into two main clusters based on the cutting agents added to the composition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, there is a need to establish a non-destructive, rapid, and environment-friendly technique for the same purpose, and attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy has been gaining attention for quick determination of drugs of abuse [32,33]. Using ATR-FTIR and chemometric principal component analysis (PCA), Mail et al [32] successfully categorized 90 seized Erimin-5 tablets into two main clusters based on the cutting agents added to the composition. Meanwhile, Liu et al [33] proposed a fast qualitative discrimination of methamphetamine, ketamine, heroin, and codeine via ATR-FTIR method.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Detection and discrimination of sedative‐hypnotics in spiked beverage dry residues using attenuated total reflectance‐Fourier transform infrared (ATR‐FTIR) spectroscopy combined with chemometrics

Teoh

Sadiq

Saisahas

et al. 2022

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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Drugs-facilitated crimes (DFCs) involve the incapacitation of victims under the influence of drugs. Conventionally, a drug administration act is often determined through the examination of biological samples; however, dry residues from any surface, such as drinking glass if related to a DFC could be a potential source of evidence. This study was aimed to establish an attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy coupled with chemometrics for the determination of spiked sedative-hypnotics from dry residues of a drug-spiked beverage. In this study, four sedative-hypnotics, namely diazepam, ketamine, nimetazepam, and xylazine were examined using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Subsequently, the ATR-FTIR profiles were compared and decomposed by principal component analysis (PCA) followed by linear discriminant analysis (LDA) for their detection and discrimination. Visual comparison of ATR-FTIR profiles revealed distinct spectra among the tested drugs. An initial unsupervised exploratory PCA model indicated the separation of four main sedativehypnotics clusters, and the proposed PCA score-LDA model had allowed for a 100% accurate classification. Discrimination of sedative-hypnotics from a dry beverage previously spiked with these drugs was also possible upon an additional extraction procedure. In conclusion, ATR-FTIR coupled with PCA score-LDA model was useful in detecting and discriminating sedative-hypnotics, including those that had been previously spiked into a beverage.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Visual Inspection Of Atr-ftir Spectramentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Detection and discrimination of sedative‐hypnotics in spiked beverage dry residues using attenuated total reflectance‐Fourier transform infrared (ATR‐FTIR) spectroscopy combined with chemometrics

Teoh

Sadiq

Saisahas

et al. 2022

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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“…Ecstasy tablets containing 4-MMA (n = 9, 6.92%) or methamphetamine (n = 6, 4.62%) formed the greater proportion, indicating the trend of illicit drug formulation change, such as seen in the case of Erimin-5 containing no nimetazepam as a result of precursor control. 20 In European countries, 4-MMA, a ring-substituted amphetamine similar in structure to MDMA, was reported to have been sold as "ecstasy" tablets. 21,22 Methamphetamine was also known to be a frequently identified amphetamine-type stimulant that made up the composition of ecstasy tablets in Brazil.…”

Section: Substancesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance assessment of portable Raman spectroscopy in determining ecstasy tablets

Ng,

Kunalan,

Yew

et al. 2024

J Raman Spectroscopy

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Ecstasy tablets, a type of common street drug originally consisting of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), provide stimulant and hallucinogen psychoactive effects. They are frequently found in nightclubs, musical festivals or other recreational events believed to create a relaxing experience for the users. From a forensic perspective, when the drug of abuse is suspected in such scenarios, the law enforcement personnel would then require an easy‐to‐perform, quick and accurate method to detect the existence of such controlled substance prior to the seizure and subsequent forensic examination. In this study, we assessed the performance of a portable Raman spectroscopy as the primary aid in determining ecstasy tablets at the point of use. A total of 130 ecstasy tablet samples were analysed by Raman spectroscopy and characterised by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Active chemical substances and cutting agents detected by the two instrumentations were then compared. The performance of Raman spectroscopy was further assessed in terms of its accuracy, sensitivity and specificity, corresponding to the analysis results obtained from GC–MS analysis. Overall, portable Raman Spectroscopy used in this study shows an accuracy of 85.4% in analysing ecstasy tablets obtained from case samples, while the sensitivity and specificity were determined as 85.2% and 100%, respectively. No false positives for MDMA or other drugs were reported. Our results show that portable Raman spectroscopy is a suitable technique for targeted determination of the presence of ecstasy tablets, especially in forensic cases that require non‐destructive, rapid and mass screening during on‐site testing by law enforcement personnel.

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Intelligence and the Value of Forensic Science

Speaker

2024

Forensic Sciences

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Recent research has seen a rapid expansion in the reference to front-end forensics as an indication of the untapped value of forensic science. While some of these contributions have centered on development of forensic intelligence from a single area of investigation, others call for a more fundamental change in the relationship between crime laboratories and policing, particularly relating early laboratory analysis with big datasets to provide leads to investigators. We highlight several recently implemented tactical strategies of crime laboratories that contribute to the body of forensic intelligence. Beyond the scientific gains from these tactical applications, the corresponding details on associated efficiencies, costs, time savings, and quality improvements offer insights towards patterns of success for the community of crime laboratories. Further details expand an interpretation of what constitutes success with an eye on the contributions of the crime laboratory towards public health, safety, and protection of the innocent in addition to societal gains from conviction of the guilty. The economic interpretation of the value provided by the forensic laboratory assists in the cost–benefit review of strategic and tactical decisions and supports the justification for laboratory public funding with measures of the return on investment from public support of the forensic laboratory. Examples of the cost savings from crimes avoided include the returns from testing the backlog of unsubmitted sexual assault kits with USD 81 of costs avoided for each USD 1 spent to high-efficiency laboratories achieving gains of USD 646 for each UD 1 spent on de novo case submissions.

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Quick discrimination of seized Erimin-5 tablets by attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy

Cited by 3 publications

References 8 publications

Detection and discrimination of sedative‐hypnotics in spiked beverage dry residues using attenuated total reflectance‐Fourier transform infrared (ATR‐FTIR) spectroscopy combined with chemometrics

Detection and discrimination of sedative‐hypnotics in spiked beverage dry residues using attenuated total reflectance‐Fourier transform infrared (ATR‐FTIR) spectroscopy combined with chemometrics

Performance assessment of portable Raman spectroscopy in determining ecstasy tablets

Intelligence and the Value of Forensic Science

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