Quick determination and discrimination of commercial hand sanitisers using attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics

Teoh, Way Koon; Muslim, Noor Zuhartini Md; Ismail, Lukmi; Chang, Kah Haw; Abdullah, Ahmad Fahmi Lim

doi:10.1039/d1ay00075f

Cited by 4 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…But, it is clearly indicated that such addition of fragrances and colorants is not recommended due to the potential risk of allergic reactions and might increase the risk of ingestion by children [ 13 , 33 , 34 ]. In addition to this, the antimicrobial effectiveness of the products may be compromised by these agents which otherwise their influence should be justified with tests [ 13 , 17 ]. It is also possible that the inclusion of additional ingredients, particularly when untested, would affect product efficacy, stability, and safety [ 4 , 35 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to the increasing consumer demand, these products could become easy targets of fraud or counterfeiting by bulking the preparation by diluting the alcohol content with water or cheaper substitutes like methanol which end up with a less functional product [ 17 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is fact that the effectiveness of the ABHS is highly dependent on their quality and proper use. The high demand for such affordable products could have made them a candidate for counterfeiting [ 17 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of quality and antimicrobial efficacy of locally manufactured alcohol-based hand sanitizers marketed in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia in the era of COVID-19

Selam

Habte²,

Marew³

et al. 2022

Antimicrob Resist Infect Control

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Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been rapidly spreading across the globe since the World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the disease outbreak as a global pandemic on March 11, 2020. Hand hygiene, via either regular handwashing with soap and water or using hand sanitizers, is among the various measures that need to be followed to control the outbreak of the disease. Alcohol-based hand sanitizers (ABHS) are the “gold standard” for hand disinfection because of their broad antimicrobial spectrum of activity, easy availability, better safety profile, and general acceptability to users. This study aimed at evaluating the physicochemical quality and antimicrobial efficacy of the locally manufactured ABHS marketed in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional survey was used to collect ABHS from Addis Ababa marketplaces. A total of 25 sample products were randomly selected from different categories of hand sanitizer manufacturers. The physicochemical evaluation of the products was carried out as per the United States Pharmacopoeia and WHO standards. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., and Shigella spp clinical isolates were used for the antimicrobial efficacy test. Results The Fourier Transform Infrared result confirmed that all the test products met the identification test for ethanol. The majority (68%) of ABHS complied with the test for ethanol content (75–85% v/v). However, only 3 products fulfilled the hydrogen peroxide content (0.112–0.137% v/v). LPC307 showed the maximum zone of inhibition of 12 mm against Escherichia coli whereas MPC204 exhibited only 3 mm. LPC101 was found to be more sensitive to Shigella and Klebsiella Spp with minimum inhibitory concentration values of 20% and 10%, respectively. The sample product LPC101 showed a minimum bactericidal concentration of 20% against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella spp. Conclusion One-third of the tested ABHS did not comply with the WHO ethanol content limit and the majority of the products failed to meet the label claim for hydrogen peroxide content. Besides, nearly all products proved that they have activity against all the tested pathogenic microorganisms at a minimum concentration from 10 to 80%; though, they did not show 99.9% bacteriostatic or bactericidal activities as claimed. The study findings suggested regular monitoring of the quality of marketed ABHS considering the current wide use of these products.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of quality and antimicrobial efficacy of locally manufactured alcohol-based hand sanitizers marketed in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia in the era of COVID-19

Selam

Habte²,

Marew³

et al. 2022

Antimicrob Resist Infect Control

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show abstract

“…determination and discrimination of commercially available hand sanitizers using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. 189 During the COVID-19 pandemic, the demand for hand sanitizer products increased, making it a prime candidate for counterfeiting and the selling of unsafe products. This work investigated the spectra of 50 samples using LDA to classify the products into eight distinct groups.…”

Section: T H Imentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They also noted the change in the solvent peak over time, dominating the spectra initially, tracking its disappearance during drying, and identifying the absence of the band when completely dried. Teoh et al created a method for the determination and discrimination of commercially available hand sanitizers using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy . During the COVID-19 pandemic, the demand for hand sanitizer products increased, making it a prime candidate for counterfeiting and the selling of unsafe products.…”

Section: Chemistry: Trace Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

Innovative Vibrational Spectroscopy Research for Forensic Application

et al. 2023

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Assessment of quality of commercial hand sanitizers using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography

Alam,

Rahat,

Upoma

et al. 2023

MethodsX

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Quick determination and discrimination of commercial hand sanitisers using attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics

Abstract: Due to the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic, practicing personal hygiene such as frequent hand sanitising becomes a norm. The making of effective hand sanitiser products should follow the recommended formulations,...

Cited by 4 publications

References 14 publications

Evaluation of quality and antimicrobial efficacy of locally manufactured alcohol-based hand sanitizers marketed in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia in the era of COVID-19

Evaluation of quality and antimicrobial efficacy of locally manufactured alcohol-based hand sanitizers marketed in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia in the era of COVID-19

Innovative Vibrational Spectroscopy Research for Forensic Application

Assessment of quality of commercial hand sanitizers using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography

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