Quick and Easy Modification of Glassy Carbon Electrodes with Ionic Liquid and Tetraruthenated Porphyrins for the Electrochemical Determination of Atrazine in Water

Abstract

Atrazine is a pesticide used to control broadleaf weeds, however its wide distribution and its high persistence in the soil and in surface waters has resulted in a public and environmental health problem. Present results shows the design, construction and characterization of glassy carbon electrodes modified with tetrarutenated metalloporphyrin (M=Ni (II) and Zn (II)) and 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, BMIMNTF2. The modification was reproducible and sensitive for the electrochemical detection of atrazine in neutral media. The detection limit was 230 nM when using GC/BMIMNTF2/ZnTRP and 540 nM with GC/BMIMNTF2/NiTRP, meaning that his methodology can be a feasible and inexpensive way to detect atrazine in trace levels.

Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Water by OH−‐ and H2O‐Capped IrOx Nanoparticles Electrophoretically Deposited on Graphite and Basal Plane HOPG: Effect of the Substrate Electrode**

“…The electrophoretic deposition under those conditions results in the formation of a densely packed IrO x film composed of aggregated NPs, with each next NP interacting with the already deposited one. Interestingly, a comparison of IrO x surface coverages on Gr (Table 1) with the surface coverages reported for more hydrophilic (the contact angle 60°) [73] glassy carbon, with its from 10 to 70 nmol Ir IV/V deposited per cm 2 reported, [23,30] shows that the electrophoretic deposition of IrO x NPs on a more hydrophobic Gr results in a lower Ir IV/V surface coverage indeed. However, this lower Γ IrIV/IrV on Gr provides specific electrocatalytic current densities (Table 1) higher than IrO x NPs film-modified glassy carbon (from 0.3 to 1.9 mA nmol À 1 at 1 V and pH 7).…”

Electrochemical Determination of N,n-Dimethyltryptamine in Water Based on Tetraruthenated Porphyrins and Ionic Liquid Modified Electrodes

“…In previous studies, modified electrodes were morphologically characterized by SEM [42]. When ZnTRP is incorporated onto the surface of the GC, it is covered by irregular nodules.…”

“…However, the addition of BMIMNTF2 drastically changes the morphology, which is evidence of a kind of ZnTRP encapsulation in the ionic liquid. This phenomenon can be interpreted as resulting from the interactions between the ionic liquid and the extended π ring of the macrocycle, giving rise to strong interactions that impede the proper precipitation of ZnTRP on the electrode surface [42].…”

“…Electrochemical techniques provide reasonable results under laboratory conditions. In electroanalysis, modified electrode fields present a potential method that is capable of fulfilling the requirements of a fast and precise sensor [15,17]. The methods of preparing these electrodes include adsorbed monolayers, layer-by-layer adsorption and electropolymerization, among others [18 -20].…”

A novel strategy to develop electrochemical atrazine sensor

“…Usually, atrazine is determined with chromatographic methods [3][4][5][6]. Also, other methods are being developed such as spectroscopic [7][8][9] and electro chemical [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. Electrochemical determi nation in most cases is performed via electrochemical sensors [10,13,[16][17][18][19] and immunosensors [11,12,14,20] based on various composites and nanoparticles.…”