Questioning the aloe vera plant and apple memristors

Pabst, Oliver; Andersen, Steinar; Bhatti, Soban Ali; Brevik, Jørgen; Fallaas, Simen Anthony; Fjeldstad, Mads; Gubaidulin, Artiom; Madsen, Kjetil Vermundsen; Nomedal, Mats Ricardo; Slettemoen, Sondre Fortun; Adriaenssens, Halvard Yri; Hansen, Sean Andre; Myrvik, Tommy; Rostad, Eivind; Skår, Torleif; Tuv, Kristian; Wood, Sebastian Edmund Pedersen; Åsen, Daniel

doi:10.2478/joeb-2019-0012

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…For example, it has been proposed that apples [8] and the aloe vera plant [9] are memristors. We demonstrated that similar results can be obtained from apples and apple juice and also from aloe vera and aloe vera extract and we concluded that the memristive properties actually originate from the change in polarization impedance [10].…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 81%

The non-linear electrical properties of silver/silver chloride electrodes in sodium chloride solution

Pabst

Anwar

Nieweglowski

et al. 2019

Journal of Electrical Bioimpedance

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An electrical measurement is non-linear when it is affected by the applied stimulus, i.e. when the measured phenomenon changes with amplitude. If pinched hysteresis loops can be observed in the voltage current representation, the underlying tissue can be classified as a memristor. Several biological memristors have been published, like human skin and apples. However, changes in the polarization impedance of electrodes may also cause pinched hysteresis loops. The question whether the reported biological memristors are real or whether the results just reflect changes in the polarization impedance arises. If the impedance of the measured object is close to or smaller than the polarization impedance of the used electrodes, the latter may dominate the measurement. In this study, we investigated the non-linear electrical properties of silver/silver chloride electrodes in a sodium chloride solution that has a similar concentration as human sweat and compared these to results from human skin. First of all, we found that silver/silver chloride electrodes in sodium chloride solution can be classified as memristors. However, the currents obtained from the sodium chloride solution are much higher than the currents recorded from human skin and there is a qualitative difference in the pinched hysteresis loops in both cases. We can conclude that the non-linear electrical measurements with silver/silver chloride on human skin are actually dominated by the skin and we can confirm that the human skin memristor really exists.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 81%

The non-linear electrical properties of silver/silver chloride electrodes in sodium chloride solution

Pabst

Anwar

Nieweglowski

et al. 2019

Journal of Electrical Bioimpedance

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“…Similarly, electrodes interfacing with decellularized plant material could show pinched hysteresis, suggesting redox chemistry plays are marked role, counter to the claim that ion channels dominate within plant tissue. 147 Electrode material was not important for Physarum devices, 124,137,141,142,144 but the studies indicate that the higher voltages are potentially harmful to the organism, suggesting its responses are outside of the normal behavior for the species. Due to these systems being complex, it is likely that multiple factors contribute, such as combinations of ion channel-mediated currents and simple redox chemistry.…”

Section: Intact Biological Tissuementioning

confidence: 98%

“…In some cases, the measured i-v behaviors depended on the choice of electrode material. 123,128,131,134 Therefore, while electrochemical reactions with the electrode materials may have contributed, Volkov et al demonstrated that the memristor signatures strongly diminished or disappeared after treatment with potassium channel blockers. In the case of pumpkin seeds, germinated seeds show memristance, while dormant seeds do not.…”

Section: Review Of Bioderived Neuromorphic Architecturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioderived materials for stimuli-responsive, adaptive, and neuromorphic systems: A perspective

Makhoul-Mansour

Maraj

Sarles

2022

Journal of Composite Materials

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In this concept article, we review recent works on the use of biologically-derived materials, including biomolecules, hybrid biomolecular composites, and natural tissues for achieving stimuli-responsiveness, adaptability, and memory storage for potential neuromorphic computing applications. Unlike solid-state materials, bioderived platforms are often intrinsically modular, including possessing the ability to leverage the diversity of naturally multifunctional biomolecules, cornerstones in biological transduction, signaling, and learning. The primary neuromorphic functionality of bioderived systems considered here is memory resistance, as obtained through combinations of resistive switching, activity-dependent plasticity, and memory storage. In some cases, these capabilities are achieved in bio-derived systems by closely emulating the structure, function, or signaling mechanisms found in living neurons. Our review considers bioderived systems that span multiple length scales and levels of hierarchical complexity: from single-molecule enabled devices to intact tissues, interrogated either in vitro or in vivo on living organisms. Through this exercise, we offer our perspective on research opportunities in the development and use of synapse- and neuron-inspired bioderived systems, including the prospect of biocompatible, and even tissue-like, neuromorphic materials to smartly monitor and treat injury and disease, deliver therapeutics, and interpret neural activity. These capabilities could unlock a new generation of smart, adaptable bioderived composites that autonomously report, learn (i.e., classify, forecast), compute, and actuate in the direct vicinity of living cells and tissues, i.e. at the edge of biology.

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“…Memristors based on different materials like tantalum oxide [ 3 ], and zinc oxide [ 4 ] have been demonstrated, as well as, biological memristors like slime moulds [ 5 ] and apples [ 6 ], for example. However, in case of the apples the shown memristive properties may not origin from the apple itself but rather from chemical reactions on the electrodes [ 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Storing information electrically in human skin

Pabst

Sørebø

Andersen

et al. 2021

Journal of Electrical Bioimpedance

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Human skin has been classified as a non-volatile memristor and it is shown that information can be stored within for at least three minutes. Here we investigate whether it is possible to store information up to 20 minutes. Furthermore, we investigate whether the information can be based on four different states, not just two (binary). We stored the information into the skin of the forehead of the test subjects under three different electrodes, which allows in principle for 64 different combinations (3 electrodes, 4 states) and one can think of numbers on the base of four. For this experiment, we decided on the numbers 1234 and 3024 (that correspond to numbers 27 and 50 in the decimal system). Writing of the different states was done by the application of DC voltage pulses that cause electro-osmosis in the sweat ducts (nonlinear electrical measurements). Based on our results, we were not able to distinguish between four different states. However, we can show that binary information storage in human skin is possible for up to 20 minutes.

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Questioning the aloe vera plant and apple memristors

Cited by 5 publications

References 12 publications

The non-linear electrical properties of silver/silver chloride electrodes in sodium chloride solution

The non-linear electrical properties of silver/silver chloride electrodes in sodium chloride solution

Bioderived materials for stimuli-responsive, adaptive, and neuromorphic systems: A perspective

Storing information electrically in human skin

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