Quercus infectoria Oliv. ve Achillea millefolium L. Ekstrelerinin Blastocystis spp. İzolatlarına in vitro Etkileri

Abstract

SummaryBlastocystis is a common intestinal parasite that can inhabit the intestinal tract of humans and many animals. Despite it was firstly described almost 100 years ago; many subjects are still under debate about Blastocystis, including its life-cycle, pathogenic potential and treatment of infected individuals. Historically, local plant species have been used for therapeutic purposes by the local people of Anatolia. Here, hexane and methanol extracts of two local plants, Quercus infectoria (Fagaceae) and Achillea millefolium, which have been used against diarrhea in Anatolia, were examined for their in vitro efficacies against Blastocystis. LC 50 and EC 50 values of the plant extracts were determined by Brine Shrimp and Graphpad Prism 5® methods, respectively. The results showed that LC 50 (500 µg/ml) and EC 50 (198.8 µg/ml) concentrations of the methanol extract of A. millefolium were lowest compared to other extracts, its anti-Blastocystis activity was found to be comparable to metronidazole and it showed no cytotoxic activity. These initial results suggest that the methanol extract of A. millefolium may be a novel option for the treatment of Blastocystis infections in humans in future, if confirmed by further, larger-scale studies. Keywords: Blastocystis, treatment, Medicinal plants, Quercus infectoria, Achillea millefolium Quercus infectoria Oliv. ve Achillea millefolium L. Ekstrelerinin Blastocystis spp. İzolatlarına in vitro Etkileri ÖzetBlastocystis spp, insanların ve birçok hayvanın gastrointestinal sistemine yerleşen yaygın bir bağırsak parazitidir. Yaklaşık 100 yıl önce tanımlanmış olmasına rağmen, yaşam döngüsü, patojenitesi ve tedavisini içeren birçok konu halen gizemini korumaktadır. Geçmişten bugüne Anadolu'da çok sayıda bitki halk tarafından tedavi amacıyla kullanılmıştır. Bu projede ishale karşı kullanılan bitkilerden ülkemizde yetişen Quercus infectoria (Fagaceae) ve Achillea millefolium'un hekzan ve metanol ile hazırlanan ekstrelerinin in vitro ortamda Blastocystis spp. 'lerin üremesi üzerine etkileri incelenmiştir. Bitki ekstrelerinin LC 50 değeri "Brine Shrimp" yöntemi, EC 50 değeri Graphpad Prism 5® istatistik yöntemi kullanılarak saptanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, A. millefolium'un metanol ekstresinin LC 50 (500 µg/ml) ve EC 50 (198.8 µg/ml) konsantrasyonları diğer ekstrelerle kıyaslandığında en düşük bulunmuş, anti-Blastocystis aktivitesinin ise metronidazol grubunun değerlerine en yakın olduğu ve sitotoksik aktivite göstermediği saptanmıştır. Bu sonuçlar A. millefolium'un metanol ekstresinin, ileride yapılacak geniş kapsamlı çalışmalarla doğrulandığında, Blastocystis spp. enfeksiyonlarının tedavisinde yeni bir seçenek olabileceğini göstermektedir. The present study was financially supported by the

Large-Scale Screening of 239 Traditional Chinese Medicinal Plant Extracts for Their Antibacterial Activities against Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Cytotoxic Activities

“…The cytotoxicity of plant extracts with LC 50 value ≤ 20 µg/mL was regarded as a possible cytotoxic plant extract [63]. The results indicated that most plant extracts had low cytotoxicities with considerably high LC 50 value ≥ 100 µg/mL, excluding S. tuberculate (LC 50 = 25.9 µg/mL), D. odorifera (LC 50 = 44.1 µg/mL), I. japonica (LC 50 = 54.1 µg/mL), R. chinensis (LC 50 = 77.6 µg/mL), and Q. infectoria (LC 50 = 91.6 µg/mL), supporting by previous studies that also found a weak cytotoxicity of T. chebula [64,65], S. suberectus [66], Q. infectoria [67,68] and O. indicum [37]. However, it is necessary to test the toxicity by in vivo studies, since in vitro cellular toxicity might provoke different consequences in animals associated with gut interactions and bioavailability of the extracts [18].…”

A Review of Quercus infectoria (Olivier) Galls as a Resource for Anti-parasitic Agents: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies

“…Two of the four articles were conducted in Southeast Asia (Thailand), while the remaining two articles were conducted in Middle East countries (Turkey and Iran) (Table 1). All of the articles reported the use of methanol as a solvent for plant extraction, and two articles reported the use of other solvents such as n-hexane (23, 35) and dichloromethane (23). Nevertheless, the in vitro anti-oxidant and toxicity studies presented in the selected articles were also included in this review to support the efficacies and the anti-parasitic activities of Q. infectoria .…”

“…A total of three in vitro anti-parasitic studies were conducted by Sawangjaroen and Sawangjaroen (23), Ozbilgin et al (35) and Kheirandish et al (36), while two in vivo studies were carried out by Sawangjaroen et al (37) and Kheirandish et al (36) (Table 4). Three types of parasites were subjected to the studies: Entamoeba histolytica (37), Blastocystis hominis and Blastocystis spp (23, 35) and Leishmania major (36). For the in vivo studies, mice models were exclusively used, specifically female Swiss albino mice and male BALB/c mice.…”

“…This is because the sources of medicinal plants may vary according to the respective countries (39). In this review, all four studies reported the authentication of Q. infectoria galls with the voucher specimen that was made in their respective countries (Thailand, Turkey and Iran) (23, 35–37) (Table 1).…”

“…There are two methods used for toxicity testing of the extracts of Q. infectoria galls found in the chosen articles (Table 3): brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT) and cytotoxicity test. The BSLT test carried out by Ozbilgin and his colleagues (35) showed that the LC 50 value (a lethal concentration that kills 50% of the shrimp population) of the methanol extract was considered as toxic according to Meyer’s toxicity index (46). However, the n-hexane extract was reported as non-toxic even though the LC 50 value of the extract was not indicated in the study.…”