Quercetin-metabolizing CYP6AS enzymes of the pollinator Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Mao, Wenfu; Rupasinghe, Sanjeewa G.; Johnson, Reed M.; Zangerl, Arthur R.; Schuler, Mary A.; Berenbaum, May R.

doi:10.1016/j.cbpb.2009.08.008

Cited by 125 publications

(119 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Honey bees metabolize phytochemicals found in honey and pollen as well as acaricides used in-hive for management of Varroa destructor, an ectoparasitic mite of honey bees, via a number of CYP6 and CYP9 family members. Quercetin, a flavonoid constituent of honey and pollen, is metabolized by three enzymes in the CYP6AS subfamily and two enzymes in the CYP9Q subfamily (15,16), whereas the acaricides coumaphos and τ-fluvalinate are detoxified by three enzymes in the CYP9Q subfamily (16). Regulation of these detoxification genes in A. mellifera differs in some respects from P450 regulation in other insects (17) in that CYP6AS3, which metabolizes quercetin, is not inducible by its substrate or by phenobarbital, a classic experimental inducer of insect P450 transcription.…”

Section: Abaecin | Cytochrome P450mentioning

confidence: 99%

Honey constituents up-regulate detoxification and immunity genes in the western honey bee Apis mellifera

Mao¹,

Schuler

Berenbaum³

2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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258

236

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As a managed pollinator, the honey bee Apis mellifera is critical to the American agricultural enterprise. Recent colony losses have thus raised concerns; possible explanations for bee decline include nutritional deficiencies and exposures to pesticides and pathogens. We determined that constituents found in honey, including p- coumaric acid, pinocembrin, and pinobanksin 5-methyl ether, specifically induce detoxification genes. These inducers are primarily found not in nectar but in pollen in the case of p- coumaric acid (a monomer of sporopollenin, the principal constituent of pollen cell walls) and propolis, a resinous material gathered and processed by bees to line wax cells. RNA-seq analysis (massively parallel RNA sequencing) revealed that p- coumaric acid specifically up-regulates all classes of detoxification genes as well as select antimicrobial peptide genes. This up-regulation has functional significance in that that adding p- coumaric acid to a diet of sucrose increases midgut metabolism of coumaphos, a widely used in-hive acaricide, by ∼60%. As a major component of pollen grains, p- coumaric acid is ubiquitous in the natural diet of honey bees and may function as a nutraceutical regulating immune and detoxification processes. The widespread apicultural use of honey substitutes, including high-fructose corn syrup, may thus compromise the ability of honey bees to cope with pesticides and pathogens and contribute to colony losses.

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Section: Abaecin | Cytochrome P450mentioning

confidence: 99%

Honey constituents up-regulate detoxification and immunity genes in the western honey bee Apis mellifera

Mao¹,

Schuler

Berenbaum³

2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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258

236

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“…However, an expansion is observed in the CYP6AS subfamily (Mao et al 2009) and a similar expansion in the CYP6 family in lepidopteran genomes is related to the xenobiotic detoxification ability of these insects (Li et al, 2003). The dominance and redundancy of the CYP6AS family in the honeybee genome may in part be responsible for the ability of bees to detoxify both natural (Mao et al, 2009) and synthetic (Mao et al, 2011;Suchail et al, 2003) xenobiotics present in their diet. An alternative -but not mutually exclusive -explanation for the resistance to pesticides suggested by our results could be the higher genetic variability of African honeybee populations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Compared to other insect genomes, the honeybee genome encompasses far fewer xenobiotic-metabolising P450 genes (Claudianos et al, 2006). However, an expansion is observed in the CYP6AS subfamily (Mao et al 2009) and a similar expansion in the CYP6 family in lepidopteran genomes is related to the xenobiotic detoxification ability of these insects (Li et al, 2003). The dominance and redundancy of the CYP6AS family in the honeybee genome may in part be responsible for the ability of bees to detoxify both natural (Mao et al, 2009) and synthetic (Mao et al, 2011;Suchail et al, 2003) xenobiotics present in their diet.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resistance of developing honeybee larvae during chronic exposure to dietary nicotine

Human

Archer

Rand

et al. 2014

Journal of Insect Physiology

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The effects of pesticides on honeybee larvae are less understood than for adult bees, even though larvae are chronically exposed to pesticide residues that accumulate in comb and food stores in the hive. We investigated how exposure to a plant alkaloid, nicotine, affects survival, growth and body composition of honeybee larvae. Larvae of Apis mellifera scutellata were reared in vitro and fed throughout development on standard diets with nicotine included at concentrations from 0 to 1000 µg/100 g diet. Overall mortality across all nicotine treatments was low, averaging 9.8 % at the prepupal stage and 18.1 % at the whiteeyed pupal stage, but survival was significantly reduced by nicotine. The mass of prepupae and white-eyed pupae was not affected by nicotine. In terms of body composition, nicotine affected water content but did not influence either protein or lipid stores of white-eyed pupae.We attribute the absence of consistent negative effects of dietary nicotine to detoxification mechanisms in developing honeybees, which enable them to resist both natural and synthetic xenobiotics.

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“…s a pollinator, the western honey bee Apis mellifera consumes nectar and pollen (albeit in processed form as honey and beebread), and in doing so generally encounters dietary phytochemicals in substantially lower concentrations than do insect herbivores that consume chemically well-defended foliage (1). The polylectic foraging behavior of A. mellifera (2), however, exposes the honey bee to a potentially broad diversity of phytochemicals and its habit of concentrating nectar to make honey suggests that honey bees encounter phytochemicals at higher concentrations than do most nectar-feeding pollinators that do not process their food (3)(4)(5)(6).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

CYP9Q-mediated detoxification of acaricides in the honey bee (Apis mellifera)

Mao¹,

Schuler

Berenbaum³

2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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232

196

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Although Apis mellifera, the western honey bee, has long encountered pesticides when foraging in agricultural fields, for two decades it has encountered pesticides in-hive in the form of acaricides to control Varroa destructor, a devastating parasitic mite. The pyrethroid tau-fluvalinate and the organophosphate coumaphos have been used for Varroa control, with little knowledge of honey bee detoxification mechanisms. Cytochrome P450-mediated detoxification contributes to pyrethroid tolerance in many insects, but specific P450s responsible for pesticide detoxification in honey bees (indeed, in any hymenopteran pollinator) have not been defined. We expressed and assayed CYP3 clan midgut P450s and demonstrated that CYP9Q1, CYP9Q2, and CYP9Q3 metabolize tau-fluvalinate to a form suitable for further cleavage by the carboxylesterases that also contribute to tau-fluvalinate tolerance. These in vitro assays indicated that all of the three CYP9Q enzymes also detoxify coumaphos. Molecular models demonstrate that coumaphos and tau-fluvalinate fit into the same catalytic pocket, providing a possible explanation for the synergism observed between these two compounds. Induction of CYP9Q2 and CYP9Q3 transcripts by honey extracts suggested that diet-derived phytochemicals may be natural substrates and heterologous expression of CYP9Q3 confirmed activity against quercetin, a flavonoid ubiquitous in honey. Up-regulation by honey constituents suggests that diet may influence the ability of honey bees to detoxify pesticides. Quantitative RT-PCR assays demonstrated that tau-fluvalinate enhances CYP9Q3 transcripts, whereas the pyrethroid bifenthrin enhances CYP9Q1 and CYP9Q2 transcripts and represses CYP9Q3 transcripts. The independent regulation of these P450s can be useful for monitoring and differentiating between pesticide exposures in-hive and in agricultural fields.Apidae | miticide | transcriptional regulation

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Quercetin-metabolizing CYP6AS enzymes of the pollinator Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Cited by 125 publications

References 44 publications

Honey constituents up-regulate detoxification and immunity genes in the western honey bee Apis mellifera

Honey constituents up-regulate detoxification and immunity genes in the western honey bee Apis mellifera

Resistance of developing honeybee larvae during chronic exposure to dietary nicotine

CYP9Q-mediated detoxification of acaricides in the honey bee (Apis mellifera)

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