Queer Is the New Black? Not So Much: Racial Disparities in Anti-LGBTQ Discrimination

Whitfield, Darren L.; Walls, N. Eugene; Langenderfer-Magruder, Lisa; Clark, Brad

doi:10.1080/10538720.2014.955556

Cited by 73 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…We also did not assess sexual orientation, which limits our ability to understand how multiple systems of oppression may impact PTSD symptoms. (Bostwick et al, 2014 ; Keating & Muller, 2020 ) For example, Black members of the LGBTQ+ community who, in addition to racial discrimination, experience other identity-based violence and discrimination (e.g., transphobia, homophobia)(Whitfield, Walls, Langenderfer-Magruder, & Clark, 2014 ) in ways that may increase PTSD symptoms should be prioritized in future work. (Reisner et al, 2016 ) Fourth, although using more sophisticated assessments of emotion dysregulation and PTSD symptoms in the second sample was a strength and served as a conceptual replication, it precluded our ability to conduct a direct replication.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Racial discrimination and posttraumatic stress: examining emotion dysregulation as a mediator in an African American community sample

Mekawi

Watson‐Singleton

Kuzyk

et al. 2020

European Journal of Psychotraumatology

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Background : African Americans experience more severe and chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms compared to other racial groups, and thus it is important to examine factors that are relevant for the aetiology of PTSD in this population. Although racial discrimination has been implicated as an exacerbating factor in the development and maintenance of PTSD, relatively less is known about mechanisms through which this process may occur. Objective : The purpose of this study was to examine one such mechanism, emotion dysregulation, in two independent samples of African American adults. Method : Trauma-exposed participants were recruited in a large, urban community hospital setting (initial sample n = 1,841; replication sample n = 294). In the initial sample, participants completed a unidimensional measure of emotion dysregulation and self-reported PTSD symptoms based on the DSM-IV. In the replication sample, participants completed a multidimensional measure of emotion dysregulation and a diagnostic interview of PTSD symptoms based on the DSM-5. Mediation analyses were used to test our hypotheses. Results : Across both samples, results indicated that racial discrimination was indirectly associated with PTSD symptoms through emotion dysregulation (even when trauma load was added as a covariate). Conclusions : Taken together, these results provide strong evidence that the association between racial discrimination and PTSD symptoms may be partially explained by the association between racial discrimination and worse emotion dysregulation. These findings elucidate the impact of racist incidents on mental health and identify modifiable emotion regulatory processes that can be intervened upon to enhance the psychological and social wellbeing of African Americans.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Racial discrimination and posttraumatic stress: examining emotion dysregulation as a mediator in an African American community sample

Mekawi

Watson‐Singleton

Kuzyk

et al. 2020

European Journal of Psychotraumatology

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“…For example, half of the studies did not report participant race or ethnicity, and among those that did, the racial composition of the samples was predominantly white. However, research suggests that LGB racial or ethnic minorities have different experiences with both social media use and mental health compared with their white counterparts [ 65 , 81 , 82 ]. Thus, considerations should be made to ensure these samples include adequate percentages of LGB racial or ethnic minorities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

For Better or for Worse? A Systematic Review of the Evidence on Social Media Use and Depression Among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Minorities

Escobar-Viera¹,

Whitfield²,

Wessel³

et al. 2018

JMIR Ment Health

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BackgroundOver 90% of adults in the United States have at least one social media account, and lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) persons are more socially active on social media than heterosexuals. Rates of depression among LGB persons are between 1.5- and 2-fold higher than those among their heterosexual counterparts. Social media allows users to connect, interact, and express ideas, emotions, feelings, and thoughts. Thus, social media use might represent both a protective and a risk factor for depression among LGB persons. Studying the nature of the relationship between social media use and depression among LGB individuals is a necessary step to inform public health interventions for this population.ObjectiveThe objective of this systematic review was to synthesize and critique the evidence on social media use and depression among LGB populations.MethodsWe conducted a literature search for quantitative and qualitative studies published between January 2003 and June 2017 using 3 electronic databases. Articles were included if they were peer-reviewed, were in English, assessed social media use either quantitatively or qualitatively, measured depression, and focused on LGB populations. A minimum of two authors independently extracted data from each study using an a priori developed abstraction form. We assessed appropriate reporting of studies using the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology and the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research for quantitative and qualitative studies, respectively.ResultsWe included 11 articles in the review; 9 studies were quantitative and cross-sectional and 2 were qualitative. Appropriate reporting of results varied greatly. Across quantitative studies, we found heterogeneity in how social media use was defined and measured. Cyberbullying was the most studied social media experience and was associated with depression and suicidality. Qualitative studies found that while social media provides a space to disclose minority experiences and share ways to cope and get support, constant surveillance of one’s social media profile can become a stressor, potentially leading to depression. In most studies, sexual minority participants were identified inconsistently.ConclusionsThis review supports the need for research on the role of social media use on depression outcomes among LBG persons. Using social media may be both a protective and a risk factor for depression among LGB individuals. Support gained via social media may buffer the impact of geographic isolation and loneliness. Negative experiences such as cyberbullying and other patterns of use may be associated with depression. Future research would benefit from more consistent definitions of both social media use and study populations. Moreover, use of larger samples and accounting for patterns of use and individuals’ experiences on social media may help better understand the factors that impact LGB mental health disparities.

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“…Racial and ethnic differences are also apparent in job loss because of gender identity discrimination, with particularly high rates found among Multiracial (36%), American Indian (36%), and Black (32%) respondents (Grant et al, 2011). A Colorado-based research study found that White LGBTQ individuals experienced lower levels of employment discrimination than LGBTQ people of color; 37.7% versus 42.2%, respectively (N = 3,845; Whitfield et al, 2014). Taken together, these findings demonstrate a need for more information on the experiences of employment discrimination among transgender people of color.…”

Section: Discrimination In Employmentmentioning

confidence: 94%

Policing Gender Through Housing and Employment Discrimination: Comparison of Discrimination Experiences of Transgender and Cisgender LGBQ Individuals

Kattari

Whitfield

Walls

et al. 2016

Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research

Self Cite

100

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Members of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) community experience higher rates of discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity than their heterosexual and cisgender counterparts. However, discrimination might not occur equally across all members of the community. This article examines the prevalence of and factors associated with experiences of discrimination for cisgender LGBQ individuals and those who identify as transgender. Findings suggest that as compared with cisgender participants, transgender individuals experience a higher frequency of discrimination related to housing and employment. Factors associated with experiencing discrimination include gender identity; length of time being out, that is, openly disclosing their sexual orientation and/or gender identity; age; and race. Results of this study make clear that it is imperative for social workers, educators, and other human service professionals to be aware of and actively work against transphobic policies and actions that affect the quality of life for transgender individuals beyond the already increased discrimination risks faced by the LGBTQ community.

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Queer Is the New Black? Not So Much: Racial Disparities in Anti-LGBTQ Discrimination

Cited by 73 publications

References 48 publications

Racial discrimination and posttraumatic stress: examining emotion dysregulation as a mediator in an African American community sample

Racial discrimination and posttraumatic stress: examining emotion dysregulation as a mediator in an African American community sample

For Better or for Worse? A Systematic Review of the Evidence on Social Media Use and Depression Among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Minorities

Policing Gender Through Housing and Employment Discrimination: Comparison of Discrimination Experiences of Transgender and Cisgender LGBQ Individuals

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