“…Further investigations will be necessary. As we chose colonies of a size which seems to be attractive to P sylvestris females under natural conditions (Küpper andSchwammberger, 1992/1993 (Fisher, 1984 Mauling, a dominance behaviour described for different Psithyrus species (Free and Butler, 1959;Alford, 1975), P ashtoni (Fisher, 1983a(Fisher, , 1987, P vestalis Fisher, 1988), P bohemicus (Fisher, 1988), and P citrinus (Fisher, 1984) was never observed in our colonies. Mauling is also not exhibited by P campestris (Fisher, 1988), and may not be a necessary usurpation behaviour.…”