Quaternary palaeoenvironmental oscillations drove the evolution of the Eurasian Carassius auratus complex (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae)

Abstract

Aim We sought to reconstruct the spatio‐temporal genetic diversification in goldfish of the Carassius auratus complex, which is widely distributed in Eurasia, to test whether vicariance events or human‐mediated translocations best explained lineage divergence and genogeographical history. Location East Asia and the Oriental islands including Japan, the Ryukyus and Taiwan, and Europe, including Russia and the Czech Republic. Methods We reconstructed the matrilineal history of Eurasian goldfish using 1876 sequences from the partial mitochondrial DNA control region (426 bp) and 191 complete sequences of cytochrome b (1140 bp) from 67 localities representing most of the range of the species. Divergence times were estimated using a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo approach based either on molecular clock data or on the fossil record. Genetic structure and the historical demography of populations were analysed using partial correlation tests and analyses of molecular variance. Results Three lineages had high levels of regional specificity. Lineages A and B from the main islands of Japan differed greatly from lineage C, which occurred on the mainland, Taiwan and the Ryukyus. Lineages A and B had late Pliocene origins. Six geographically constrained sublineages within lineage C had near‐simultaneous mid‐Pleistocene divergences. Main conclusions Genetic structure in the C. auratus complex appears to have been driven by palaeoenvironmental perturbations rather than human translocations. The disappearance of a land bridge in the Tsushima Strait around 3.0 Ma is responsible for the separation of Japanese and continental lineages; the estimated divergence time is 2.75–2.32 Ma. Fujian, China and Vietnam appear to have provided important refugia for the C. auratus complex during glaciation. After warm, moist summer monsoons intensified during the mid‐Pleistocene, goldfish are likely to have dispersed north‐eastwards to recolonize the Ryukyus via Taiwan and northwards to recolonize mainland China.

Evolutionary history of two divergent Dmrt1 genes reveals two rounds of polyploidy origins in gibel carp

“…And, this early polyploidy event might result in an ancestral common tetraploid ancestor of Carassius auratus gibelio, Carassius auratus auratus and Cyprinus carpio. Significantly, the evolutionary history of polyploidy occurrence is basically consistent with the corresponding genome duplication time reported previously in Cyprinus carpio (12 Mya) (David et al, 2003) and in Carassius auratus auratus (15 Mya) (Luo et al, 2007), and with the estimated separation time between Cyprinus carpio and Carassius auratus based on molecular clock of cytochrome b sequences (Gao et al, 2012). After that, the common ancestor should have diverged and differentiated via successive diploidization, and led to the currently diploidized tetraploid Cyprinus carpio and Carassius auratus.…”

“…It has been observed widely in many countries of the Eurasian continent (Gui and Zhou, 2010), such as in Britain (Hanfling et al, 2005), Italy (Hanfling et al, 2005), Hungary (Toth et al, 2005), Germany (Hanfling et al, 2005), Croatia (Jakovlic and Gui, 2011), Greece (Liasko et al, 2010), Kazakhstan (Sakai et al, 2009), Russia (Abramenko et al, 2004;Jiang et al, 2013), China (Gao et al, 2012;Jiang et al, 2013;Li and Gui, 2008), and Japan (Takada et al, 2010). Similar to other unisexual polyploid vertebrates, the polyploid gibel carp can reproduce by spermdependent gynogenesis, and many diverse gynogenetic clones have been discriminated by biological traits and molecular markers (Bai et al, 2011;Gui and Zhou, 2010;Guo and Gui, 2008;Yang and Gui, 2004;Zhou et al, 2000a).…”

Tempo and mode of recurrent polyploidization in the Carassius auratus species complex (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae)

“…For Carassius, preference for one alternative over the other involves biogeography as well as the tempo and mode of polyploidization. (Takada et al, 2010) and (Gao et al, 2012) detailed the biogeography of the complex. Risinger and Larhammar (1993) and (Buth et al, 1991 and therein) documented the mode of polyploidization; allozymic and paralog information identified allo-and autopolyploidization events.…”

Polyphyletic Origin of Ornamental Goldfish

“…Goldfish belongs to the order Cypriniformes and is considered a variant of the wild form of the Chinese silver crucian carp (C. a. auratus) [1]- [3]. The species is native to rivers and lakes of Eurasia, having the center of origin and distribution in China [4] [5].…”