Quaternary optical packets generated by fiber four-wave mixing

All-Optical Amplitude Multiplexing Through Fiber Parametric Interaction Between Binary Signals

“…In fact, the average power of the input signals in experiments of OAM-4F were around ~12 dBm (Abbade et al, 2006b), whereas for the OAM-4P setup an average pump power as high as 20 dBm was necessary (Abbade et al, 2010b). With such high powers, Brillouin backscattering becomes relevant; thus, the experimental setup of OAM-4P and OAM-3P needs some additional equipment to reduce the influence of this effect and becomes more complex than the setup utilized by the other two techniques.…”

“…We begin by reviewing the fundamentals of FWM and parametric amplification (PA) in Section 2. Then, in Section 3, we discuss two techniques that use FWM (Abbade et al, 2005;Abbade et al, 2006a;Abbade et al, 2006b) and PA (Abbade et al, 2010a;Abbade et al, 2010b;Marconi et al, 2011) to convert two 2-ASK signals into a quaternary amplitude-shift keying (4-ASK) one; named, respectively, OAM-4F and OAM-4P. In Section 4, utilization of FWM and PA to convert two binary signals into a ternary amplitude-shift keying (3-ASK) is approached.…”

Quaternary amplitude optical packets generated by four-wave mixing: Power level optimization

“…1a illustrates the generation of a QAOP by FWM optical amplitude multiplexing [7][8][9][10][11]. A binary label at an optical frequency fj and a binary payload at f 2 (f j < f 2) are power offset and acquire reciprocal extinction ratios (RER) Sj= PIO/P j1 and S2= P 20 /P 2 I. where Pij stands for the power of bit j (0 or I) at t; (i= I, 2).…”

“…A recently proposed technique [7][8] suggests that fiber four-wave mixing (FWM) may optically multiplex a binary label into a binary payload, generating a quaternary amplitude optical packet (QAOP). One of its advantages is that the payload and label are transmitted simultaneously and over the same bandwidth, which is not the case for the serial and SCM approaches.…”

Transmission performance of quaternary packet data generated by four-wave mixing multiplexing

“…This may be explained by considering that the packets with higher P av (1, 2 and 3 dBm) should experience degradations caused by self-phase modulation [15] (e.g., P av = 3 dBm implies a quaternary peak power of 7.5 dBm) and ASE noise accumulation. Since the label BER must be at most 10 -12 [16], the maximum quaternary packet propagation distance is between 300 and 350 km [9]. Due to the arguments exposed in Section III.A, the label BER performance should be the same for the synchronized and unsynchronized cases, provided that the sampling instant is properly chosen.…”