Quaternary Glaciations

Abstract

The Quaternary is synonymous with extensive glaciation of Earth's mid‐ and high latitudes. Although there were local precursors, significant glaciation began in the Oligocene in eastern Antarctica. It was followed by glaciation in mountain areas through the Miocene (in Alaska, Greenland, Iceland, and Patagonia), later in the Pliocene (e.g., in the Alps, the Bolivian Andes, and possibly in Tasmania), and in the earliest Pleistocene (New Zealand, Iceland, and Greenland). Today, evidence from both the land and the ocean floors demonstrates that the major continental glaciations, outside the polar regions, rather than occurring throughout the 2.6 Ma of the Quaternary, were markedly restricted to the last 1 Ma–800 Ka or less. Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 22 (ca. 870–880 Ma) included the first of the “major” worldwide events with substantial ice volumes that typify the later Pleistocene glaciations (i.e., MIS 16, 12, 10, 6, 4–2).

Grasping Ability and Motion Synergies in Affordable Tendon-Driven Prosthetic Hands Controlled by Able-Bodied Subjects

“…A large number of these hand designs can be freely downloaded from Computer-Aided Design (CAD) repositories such as www.instructables.com and www.thingiverse.com , or from government institutions such as the National Institutes of Health (NIH) 3D print exchange (U.S. Department of Health Human Services-National Institutes of Health, 2017 ). Non-profit initiatives such as Open Hand Project (Gibbard, 2013 ), e-NABLE (e-NABLE, 2014 ), or Openbionics (Gibbard, 2018 ) are the main sources for such repositories. Anyone can download a CAD model, typically a stereolithography file (.stl), and print it.…”