"Quasidirect" observations of cosmic-ray primaries in the energy region<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mn>10</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>12</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math>-<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mn>10</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>14</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math>eV

Kawamura, Yoshio; Matsutani, H.; Nanjyo, H.; Teraoka, K.; Toda, Kimio; Ichimura, M.; Kirii, K.; Kobayashi, Tadashi; Niihori, Yasuo; Shibata, T.; Shibuta, Kazuo; Yoshizumi, Yasuko

doi:10.1103/physrevd.40.729

Cited by 36 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…In Table 1, we show basic general information on passive balloon-borne experiments JACEE (Takahashi 1998), Sanriku (Kawamura et al 1989), and RUNJOB (RUNJOB collaboration 2000), which explicitly reported observation of gamma rays. Table 2 presents a brief summary of gamma ray data, and Fig.…”

Section: Experimental Data On Gamma Raysmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1 shows gamma ray energy spectra. It was reported that all the relevant experiments used the same transition curves for the determination of the cascade shower energy (Apanasenko et al 2001;Kawamura et al 1989).…”

Section: Experimental Data On Gamma Raysmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the basis of approximate calculations for the preliminary analysis, the JACEE experiment reported observation of 99 gamma rays in the energy region 3-30 TeV during the 1987 and 1988 long-duration flights from Australia to South America for 120-150 h (JACEE-7 and JACEE-8) at the atmospheric depth 5-5.5 g cm −2 . The Sanriku experiment reported that the "gamma ray is easily identified in nuclear emulsion by tracing the electron shower up to its original point" (Kawamura et al 1989). Among 200 showers (ΣE γ > 2 TeV, zenith angle tg θ < 3.73) observed by Sanriku, there were 106 showers identified as being of atmospheric gamma ray origin.…”

Section: Experimental Data On Gamma Raysmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…performed at different altitudes in the stratosphere Zatsepin et al 1994;Apanasenko et al 1998;Kawamura et al 1989). Some observations reported a gradual increase in mass number with energy (Takahashi 1998;Apanasenko et al 1998Apanasenko et al , 1999bShibata 1999), indicating that for energies above 100 TeV the contribution of heavy primaries becomes significant (Kawamura et al 1989), and showing that "the flux of "all particles" consists of the nuclei mainly" (Zatsepin et al 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Some observations reported a gradual increase in mass number with energy (Takahashi 1998;Apanasenko et al 1998Apanasenko et al , 1999bShibata 1999), indicating that for energies above 100 TeV the contribution of heavy primaries becomes significant (Kawamura et al 1989), and showing that "the flux of "all particles" consists of the nuclei mainly" (Zatsepin et al 1994). Another observation (RUNJOB 1995(RUNJOB -1996 suggested that "the average mass is nearly constant over the wide energy range 20−1000 TeV particle −1 ", and reported that there are no drastic changes at higher energies (Apanasenko et al 2001), similar to what was observed below the knee.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Study of the primary cosmic ray mass composition using gamma rays

Kopenkin

Fujimoto

2007

A&A

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Context. The gamma rays detected by passive balloon-borne emulsion chambers in the stratosphere give additional information on primary cosmic ray composition and allow indirect testing of the conclusions based on the study of the primary particle tracks. Aims. We search for a consistent view of the balloon experiments with traditional calorimeter-type emulsion conducted at various atmospheric depths in the stratosphere. Using analytical calculation, we test two models of primary composition based on experimental information given by these experiments. Methods. We analyze original experimental data relevant for the inquiry, consider the risk of empirical and methodical bias, and test the consistency of data sets with different hypotheses. Results. It is shown that observed experimental data on gamma rays are in agreement with the atmospheric origin of their production. We notice that observed experimental signals in the energy region above 10 TeV can be an indication of an increase of heavy primaries. However, quantitative analysis does not show statistically significant evidence in favor of one specific composition model.

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Section: Experimental Data On Gamma Raysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Experimental Data On Gamma Raysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Experimental Data On Gamma Raysmentioning

confidence: 99%