“…At the first-step homogenization, the rock block with the assumption of uniformly distributed penny-shaped cracks embedded is homogenized by the Eshelby solution-based upscaling procedure. Following the free energy of saturated cracked rocks (Chen et al 2013, Zhu 2016, the associated free enthalpy of rock block using the Mori-Tanaka homogenization scheme can be obtained by Legendre-Fenchel transform of the free energy (Zhu et al 2008 (2) where is the macroscopic strain contributed by the cracks, β and γ are the volumetric averaging of opening and sliding of cracks, is the unit sphere surface accounting for uniform randomly-distributed cracks, denotes the unit normal vector of randomly-distributed cracks; is the isotropic elastic compliance tensor of the solid matrix, which is characterized by its Poisson's ratio and Young's modulus ; H 0 and H 1 are two elastic parameters calculated by and ; is the second-order identity tensor; is the unit normal vector of bedding planes; is the microscopic damage variable defined by crack density, denotes the number of cracks per unit volume, a is the average radius; , B are the Biot modulus and Biot coefficient tensor of cracked rock blocks, they are related to the homogenized effective tensor of cracked rocks, with uniform randomly-distributed cracks in rock blocks an isotropic Biot coefficient tensor is used for simplification (Xie et al 2012, Hu et al 2020, , , and are the Biot coefficient and initial porosity for rock blocks.…”