Quarantine of Fish and Aquatic Invertebrates in Public Display Aquaria

Hadfield, Catherine A.

doi:10.1016/b978-1-4377-1986-4.00026-3

Cited by 5 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 9 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…These animals are more likely to carry common and/or potentially serious pathogens. 4,11,13,22 Prophylactic treatments were also used more aggressively in fish going into large exhibits because subsequent treatment would be limited. 4,11,13 Because treatments can have adverse effects on the animals and the life-support system, and because toxicity data are limited, most institutions maintained lists of potentially sensitive species to help guide treatment decisions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…20,21 Oral medications should be dosed based on estimated food intake and available pharmacokinetic and efficacy data. 11 Antibacterial nitrofurans were used by 25% of institutions immediately post-transport. Nitrofurans are used to reduce bacterial load in the water, as damage to the skin and mucus is common following transport.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…11,13 Infectious diseases are common in these fish, particularly following environmental stressors such as transport. 17,22,26 These diseases can lead to high mortality, especially ectoparasitic protozoa in teleosts (e.g., Ichthyophthirius, Cryptocaryon, and Amyloodinium) and monogeneans in teleosts and elasmobranchs (e.g., Gyrodactylus).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4 Fish quarantine recommendations have been published elsewhere. 7,8,[11][12][13]15,26,28,29 Two papers have reported quarantine protocols in specific institutions (National Aquarium, Baltimore, and Oceaná rio de Lisboa); however, there has been no review of current practices. 6,29 This paper summarizes the results of a survey of fish quarantine protocols at public zoos and aquaria.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Fish Quarantine: Current Practices in Public Zoos and Aquaria

Hadfield¹,

Clayton²

2011

Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The primary goal of quarantine is to reduce the risk of introducing infectious diseases into established collections. Fish quarantine is inherently complex because of the variety of species, environmental requirements, and facilities. To examine current practices, questionnaires were submitted to 60 public zoos and aquaria, predominantly in North America. Questions reviewed system type (closed, flow-through), quarantine length, diagnostics, treatments, and cleaning and disinfection. Forty-two of the 60 institutions responded. Most institutions had separate quarantine protocols for freshwater teleosts, marine teleosts, and elasmobranchs. Ninety-five percent of institutions had a minimum quarantine period of 30 days or more. Sixty-four percent of institutions used isolated areas for some or all of their fish quarantine. Twenty-five percent had designated fish quarantine staff. All institutions used regular visual examinations to assess animal health. Fifty-four percent of the institutions carried out routine hands-on diagnostics on some fish; this was more common for elasmobranchs than teleosts. All institutions carried out necropsies on mortalities. Fifteen percent of institutions performed histopathology on almost all fresh mortalities; 54% percent performed histopathology on less than 10% of mortalities. Prophylactic treatments were common in closed systems, in particular, formalin immersion for teleosts, freshwater dips and copper sulfate immersion for marine teleosts, and praziquantel immersion for marine teleosts and elasmobranchs. Institutions using dips generally did so at the start or end of quarantine. Fenbendazole- and praziquantel-medicated foods were used commonly in teleosts, but dosages varied greatly. Cleaning and disinfection of systems and equipment increased in response to known pathogens. These results can be used to compare and discuss fish quarantine practices at display facilities in order to improve quarantine success.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Fish Quarantine: Current Practices in Public Zoos and Aquaria

Hadfield¹,

Clayton²

2011

Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…3,19,39 Despite increased attention to reef ecosystem health within the last decade, there remains relatively scant literature concerning the histopathology of diseases affecting the major constituents of coral reef ecosystems, particularly marine invertebrates. 16,40 To address the need for better information relevant to coral conservation, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration sponsored a workshop to develop a consensus on the histopathology and terminology of several common coral diseases. 12,29 No such consensus has been reached for the majority of marine invertebrates, and gaps as well as inconsistencies exist in the terminology and reports of pathophysiology, microanatomy, and embryology for these groups.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Lesions of Copper Toxicosis in Captive Marine Invertebrates With Comparisons to Normal Histology

LaDouceur

Wynne

Garner³

et al. 2015

Vet Pathol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Despite increasing concern for coral reef ecosystem health within the last decade, there is scant literature concerning the histopathology of diseases affecting the major constituents of coral reef ecosystems, particularly marine invertebrates. This study describes histologic findings in 6 species of marine invertebrates (California sea hare [ ) with spontaneous copper toxicosis, 4 purple sea urchins with experimentally induced copper toxicosis, and 1 unexposed control of each species listed. The primary lesions in the California sea hare with copper toxicosis were branchial and nephridial necrosis. Affected echinoderms shared several histologic lesions, including epidermal necrosis and ulceration and increased numbers of coelomocytes within the water-vascular system. The sunburst anemone with copper toxicosis had necrosis of both epidermis and gastrodermis, as well as expulsion of zooxanthellae from the gastrodermis. In addition to the lesions attributed to copper toxicosis, our results describe normal microscopic features of these animals that may be useful for histopathologic assessment of marine invertebrates. Keywords copper toxicosis, histology, histopathology, marine invertebratesThere is increasing concern about the degradation of the world's coral reef ecosystems. 3,9,37 Due to the interdependence of animals and plants in reef communities, shifts in abundance and diversity strongly affect the various trophic levels in these complex ecosystems. 3,19,39 Despite increased attention to reef ecosystem health within the last decade, there remains relatively scant literature concerning the histopathology of diseases affecting the major constituents of coral reef ecosystems, particularly marine invertebrates. 16,40 To address the need for better information relevant to coral conservation, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration sponsored a workshop to develop a consensus on the histopathology and terminology of several common coral diseases. 12,29 No such consensus has been reached for the majority of marine invertebrates, and gaps as well as inconsistencies exist in the terminology and reports of pathophysiology, microanatomy, and embryology for these groups. Research in corals has shown that some cnidarian lesions that appear similar grossly are widely divergent microscopically.35 Systematic gross and microscopic descriptions, as well as attempted identification of etiologic agents, are important steps to developing an understanding of the pathogenesis of disease in these animals. 41Copper is a common pollutant of marine ecosystems that emanates from industrial effluent, urban/agricultural runoff, sewage treatment discharge, heavy metal mining areas, and antifouling paints and refineries. 24,27 Marine organisms can concentrate heavy metals from 10 to >20 000 times the environmental level, causing extremely high tissue loads. 10 The toxic effects of heavy metals are well documented in a variety of marine organisms, but there is limited research on the histologic lesions of heavy metal toxi...

show abstract