Quão cortês é você? O pronome de tratamento você em Português Europeu

Abstract

Resumo: O pronome você na variedade europeia do português tem um comportamento discursivo muito complexo. Este facto faz com que os diferentes autores que se dedicaram a analisar os usos deste pronome não concordem com o seu valor real e atual. Embora o Português Brasileiro tenha especializado você como pronome familiar, substituindo em ocasiões tu, o caso europeu apresenta contextos de uso de você aparentemente contraditórios: tratamento informal, tratamento formal e, até um determinado ponto, tratamento pejorativo. Este trabalho pretende refletir sobre o uso de você em Português Europeu, sobre uma perspetiva diacrónica e à luz da pragmática da cortesia. Para tal, extraímos dados de três diversos corpora que revelam o uso real de você ao longo do século XX, já que é a partir do XIX que você se especializa, em princípio, para a informalidade. Os resultados mostram um uso pouco expressivo deste pronome de tratamento e uma certa polivalência do mesmo, como efeito da paulatina marginalização que tem experimentado desde há mais de cem anos. ! ! !Abstract: The pronoun você in European Portuguese has a very complex discursive behaviour. This fact has made different authors that analyzed the usage of this pronoun to disagree on its real and current value. Although the Brazilian Portuguese has specialized você as an informal pronoun, occasionally replacing tu, the European case presents contexts of usage of você that are apparently contradictory: informal address, formal address and to a certain extent pejorative address. This works aims to reflect on the usage of this pronoun in European Portuguese, from a diachronic perspective and in the light of the politeness principles. In order to do that we have obtained data from three different corpora that replicate the real usage of você throughout the 20 th century, since it is from the 19 th century that você, in principle, starts specializing as an informal pronoun. The results show an inexpressive usage of this politeness form and a certain polyvalence of it, as the effect of a gradual marginalisation that it has experienced for over one hundred years.!

Perceptions of Forms of Address in European Portuguese in Online Metadiscourse or What Happens When You Use você in Court

“…The first aspect resulting from these concordance lines is the geographical sensitivity of the differing (im)politeness evaluations of você, which has been pointed out by a number of studies (Duarte 2010;Guilherme and Lara-Bermejo 2015;Hammermüller 2020;Lara and Guilherme 2018). What Example (1) shows, however, is how oscillating this criterion isspeakers from the same region, Minho, in north-western Portugal, find it acceptable in Minho and unacceptable in Lisbon (1a), whereas (1b) posits the exact opposite, using a powerful sound metaphor to convey the impoliteness of você in Minho, as opposed to its acceptability in Lisbon.…”

“…This seeming grammatical inconsistency is fully echoed in the variegated pragmatic effects of você, which, on the one hand, may lend itself to interactions where a fairly neutral, socially distant form is necessary or to situations where speakers may wish to avoid the T pronoun tu whilst maintaining an equality-based address occupying a middle ground between intimacy and distance (Cintra 1972;Hummel 2020). However, on the other hand, você is often seen as an intrinsically impolite pronoun, potentially causing offence and often avoided for the same reason (Carreira 2004;Duarte 2011;Guilherme and Lara-Bermejo 2015;Hammermüller 2004;Lara and Guilherme 2018;Nascimento et al 2018;Oliveira 1994Oliveira , 2009. Explanations for this negative assessment of você are difficult to ascertain and, again, as shown by the Jesus case, this pronoun is a sign of the complexity and even 'confusion' affecting the EP address system nowadays (Gouveia 2008;Roque and Pinto 2023).…”

Language immersion effects in the use of tú and usted by L1-French and L1-European Portuguese learners of Spanish

“…Some linguistic varieties, like Castilian Spanish, are known to focus on proximity and solidarity, using positive politeness forms, whereas others, like French, focus on negative politeness forms, seeking to ensure some distance between the speaker and the hearer in order to show respect (Briz, 2007; Haverkate, 2004; Sampedro Mella, 2019). Therefore, even though Castilian Spanish, French, and European Portuguese all present a T/V distinction, the distribution and use of such forms greatly varies, with the T form representing the default in Castilian Spanish (Carrasco Santana, 2002; Hickey & Vázquez Orta, 1990; Sampedro Mella, 2016, 2022) and V forms being favored in most situations by speakers of French (Hughson, 2003; Kerbrat-Orecchioni, 2005; Maingueneau, 1994) and European Portuguese (Cook, 1997; Guillerme & Lara Bermejo, 2015; Hammermüller, 1993). In sum, although Spanish speakers generally default to tú , French speakers most often use vous , and Portuguese display a broader array of respect forms with the use of nominal forms, such as o senhor/a senhora , thus presenting the greatest attention to politeness and distance of the three groups.…”

“…Vázquez Orta, 1990;Sampedro Mella, 2016 and V forms being favored in most situations by speakers of French (Hughson, 2003;Kerbrat-Orecchioni, 2005;Maingueneau, 1994) and European Portuguese (Cook, 1997;Guillerme & Lara Bermejo, 2015;Hammermüller, 1993). In sum, although Spanish speakers generally default to tú, French speakers most often use vous, and Portuguese display a broader array of respect forms with the use of nominal forms, such as o senhor/a senhora, thus presenting the greatest attention to politeness and distance of the three groups.…”

“…The PA system in European Portuguese is more complex due to the presence of three alternatives: tu , você , and nominal forms (i.e., o senhor , a senhora doutora ), with the latter expressing even more distance and hierarchy than você (Paiva Raposo et al, 2020). The pronoun você is thus used as an intermediate form between tu and o senhor/a senhora (Guillerme & Lara Bermejo, 2015), and it has many different uses in speech, depending on contexts and geographical areas (see Guillerme & Lara Bermejo, 2015, or Hammermüller, 1993, for more information).…”